A nature and sources of data

A nature and sources of entropyMethodologyNature and sources of selective randomnessThe specific data required for this admit were from primary and secondary sources. unessential data were obtained from the Ibadan compass north Local Government Authority and Ibadan Waste focussing Board. Analogue map of the study area was obtained from the Local Government headquarters. push down use map (1995), road map, extremum data, rail line data were do available from Ibadan Waste Management Board. A field take to task was paid in smart set to determine the names of features on the parallel of latitude map in the attribute field of the digitised copy. GPS was used to capture points on ground for compendium.Hardware and SoftwareThe hardware used in this study intromitd PC Pentium IV (RAM 250 MB, HD 2 GB), HP DeskJet 1220C color printer, HP Scanjet 2400, Logic Trace digitiser, Sony digital camera (8mp) and Garmin E trex 12 carry GPS receiver. The software used in preparing and ab breviation of the data taked MS Excel, ArcView 3.3 with ne iirk Analyst and Super finding for the AHP aspect.DigitisingThe base map was change into digital map for use in GIS by digitising exploitation the plan of ArcView 3.3 GIS software. Digitising a map style converting an analogue map into a digital form by encoding the spatial coordinates of features on the map by the process of on-screen digitising. A digital map that is recognised by the ready reckoner in a GIS environment is the end- crossway of this exercise.Data analysisFive study GIS spatial operations were performed to touch the localise of objective for this project. These are, buffering, overlay, query, network analysis and nearest livehood analysisBufferingIt is a spatial analysis cognize as proximity analysis, generating zones of a given distance around a feature theme. It forms a polygon around a point, line or polygon theme by locating its boundaries at a contract distance. GIS can create buffer zones around selected features. The roads and rails were buffered at a radius of 100m (Javaheri 2006) while the streets were buffered at a radius of 30m. enshroudOverlay was performed to key areas that meet all the set criteria and to show areas that do not meet the criteria. GIS can overlay different pieces of information. It helps in accord the association between network analysis and specific geographic features. Ibadan North map and other data were overlaid to form possible sites.QueryThis overshadow is used to answer the question of what is and where is in GIS. The land use was queried to get the open space while the elevation was queried to get the suitable elevation.Network analysisArc view Network Analyst is a almighty extension that provides network-based spatial analysis including routing, travel directions, closest facility, etc. This was made use of in this study to show the possible routes of connection from the conveying sends to the disposal site.Nearest Neighbour A nalysisThe nearest neighbour analysis helps to determine the nature of the distribution of the features which can be clustered or scattered. It is employed in this study to determine the pattern of scurry distribution. If the index is less than 1, the pattern exhibits clustering and if greater than 1, the trend is toward dispersion. cartographic vexThe cartographic model is simply a graphical example of data and procedures used in a study (Eastman 1995). It is a set of interacting ordered map operations that act on raw data as well as derive intermediate data to sit a spatial decision making process (Tomlin, 1990). It shows all the layers of information starting with the base maps on the left and ending with the end product on the right. Its purposes are to help the analyst organise and structure the procedures that the analysis to be performed in a study exit require and to identify the data needed to complete them.LU= Land-useThe above cartographic model was constructed base d on the fol wretcheding parametersThe land use maps was queried because site attitude moldiness fall outside the land use areas so that resolve will not be polluted by the exhume/ mephitis from the waste.The roads and rail were buffered at a distance of 100m and the streets were buffered at a distance of 30meters to create a good distance between them and the landfill site.The elevation was queried to get an elevation greater than or equal to 222meters so that it will not be located in an area that is too low because of water flow.QuestionnaireQuestionnaires were designed to seek globe opinion as they allow in part of decision-making in a study such as this. 720 questionnaires were distributed among the dissimilar stakeholders, which include the public, planners and officials of Ibadan Municipal Government and Waste Management Board. In order to identify the criteria for siting, opinions from planners were required. Questionnaires were given out to 10 experts as part of public participation. Questionnaires were also distributed among the people living in the major areas where skips were to be allocated. These areas include, Oje market, Gbenla, Adeoyo, Danadaru, postmortem Hotel, Jemebewon, Poly road, Cultural Centre, Bodija, Ikolaba, Oyo Secretariat. 60% of the questionnaires were distributed around the southern part as it was detect during field visit that most illegal dumpsites are around that area.Criteria for weftTo arrive at the selection criteria for choosing a site for landfill, relevant writings and decision makers opinion were sought. put must be close to at least a street with a buffer of 30m (Decision makers preference)Site must not be too far from a transfer station (Decision makers preference)Site must be 3km from residential areas, with the exception of areas with barriers (trees, hills, etc.) (Banar et al. 2007).There should be a minimum distance of 100m between site and roads (Decision makers preference, Javaheri et al. 2006)Site must be on a suitable soil.Site should be constructed in areas which do not have an important economic or ecological value (Lober 1995, Siddiqui et al. 1996).The AHP componentFinally, in the second step, a decision hierarchical structure using the AHP was developed and implemented to rank the two suitable sites according to their suitability for landfill siting. The AHP can assist in identifying and system of weights selection of criteria and expediting the process of decision making (Sener 2010). Preferences of decision makers can be included in a planning problem within an AHP. The problems whence structured in a hierarchical form to allow for burthen of the preferences by pairwise comparisons (Phua and Minowa 2005). The AHP typically involves establishing a graphical incorporateation of problem as a hierarchy, weighting the elements at each level of the hierarchy and scheming the weights (Phua and Minowa 2005). The AHP methodology compares criteria or alternatives with respect t o a criterion, in a natural, pairwise mode. To achieve this, the AHP uses a fundamental scale of absolute numbers (Table 3.2) that has been tested in practice and validated by physical and decision problem experiments. It is peradventure the most widely used decision making approach today. The AHP is principally used to support other methodologies such as in decision making how many servers to employ in a queuing situation taking into rate factors like costs, waiting times and human frustration. Several other applications include resource allocation, forecasting, etc.The Super Decisions software (Saaty 2003) was used in create the AHP model. A Super Decisions model generally comprises clusters of elements rather than elements arranged in levels. Clusters contain node which represent the elements in them. For example, the criteria for siting a landfill may include proximity to transportation networks, proximity to waste collection centres, etc. These represent the nodes in the C riteria cluster. When a line joins a cluster with another cluster, it means the nodes in both clusters are connected together. The main aim of using the AHP is to assign weights to criteria and come out with the best alternative.