The Heart Disease Prediction System Computer Science Essay

The Heart Disease Prediction transcription of rules Computer cognizance EssayThere atomic count 18 enormous amount of in stageion open from checkup industry which could be useful for checkup practitioners when it is apply for discovering abstruse embodiment with help of existing information dig techniques. The basic health check records from a patients pro filing cabinet can be useful in detecting cabalistic pattern with info mining techniques. In this paper, Nave talk algorithmic program to predict flavor disease is implemented with basic records of patients analogous age, sex, tenderness rate, blood pressure etc., from a sample data localize. The benefits, limitations, and technical details of this implementation depart also be discussed in this paper.1 Introductionoer these years in medical exam history, many symbols of medical problems lose been place and many data argon available regarding a particular problem. exactly not all the medical data ar gon same, but thither are many patterns hidden inside those data which needs to be identified. information mining techniques could help identify these hidden patterns by friendship discovery. In the medical field, patients health issues are predicted by doctors intuition or experience 2 where the cognition rich data is suppressed which results in exalted medical expenses and unnecessary medical tests. In recent years, there are many researches being conducted in pose to find the hidden pattern from basic medical data 1. Identifying these hidden pattern would result in a developing an efficient close making system in medical industry which aide as a tool to animation doctors decision making or at least serve as a prediction system for any medical issues.In this paper, we have taken into consideration of heart disease and predict it utilize the set of data that are already in existence with the help of data mining technique. The algorithm that we have chosen is the Nave verbal ize algorithm, this algorithm is ideal for a vast amount of database that may contain hundreds and thousands of rows and columns. The Nave mouth algorithm provides the intended step to the foreput faster and to a greater extent ideal as the number of data in the database increase.1.1 Problem ScenarioThere are only few decision support systems available in medical industry whose functionalities are very limited. As mentioned earlier, medical decisions are do with doctors intuition and not from the rich data from the medical database. Wrong discussion due to misdiagnosis causes serious threat in medical field. In order to solve these issues data mining solution was with help of medical databases was introduced.1.2 link WorkThere are many techniques available to discover knowledge from medical database 1. Researchers at Southern California used data mining technique to discover the success and failure of back surgery in order to improve medical treatment 3. Shouman et al 4 implem ented prognostic data mining to diagnose heart disease of patients. Palaniappan et al 2 develop a prototype Intelligent Heart Disease Prediction System (IHDPS), victimization data mining techniques.1.3 ObjectiveIn this paper, Nave Bayes algorithm to predict heart disease is implemented with basic records of patients like age, sex, heart rate, blood pressure etc., from a sample dataset. Based on the literature survey Nave Bayes algorithm was found to be an effective technique. The probabilistic method helped in finding the converse hazard of the conditional relationship. The dependence relation may exist between cardinal evaluates of data set which can be determined with this algorithm.2 Data PreparationIn order to implement the algorithm, a medical data was required. The sample dataset used for the purpose of implementation of algorithm was obtained from Cleveland Clinic Foundation. The sample of dataset is shown in the below general anatomy (Figure1.)CUsersMadan KumarDesktopU ntitled2.jpgFigure1. Sample dataset2.1 Dataset SourceThe Cleveland institute medical data was downloaded from weather vanesite of University of California, Irvine.2.2 Dataset AttributesThe dataset consists of 16 attributes. The last attribute of dataset consists of nourish 0 and 1. The shelter 0 indicates that the patient does not have heart disease whereas 1 indicates that the patient has a heart disease. The prediction of algorithm can be verified with this value while evaluating the algorithm. The first 15 attributes are shown in the figure2.CUsersMadan KumarDesktopattri.jpgFigure2. Dataset attributes3 Program ArchitectureThe program was implemented using JAVA. Apache TOMCAT server and MySQL Database is also used. The Nave Bayes algorithm has 3 class files Calculation.java, Prediction.java, and Detection.java. Detection.java reads the data file from the source path and stores the attributes into temporary graze list. The mean and standard deviation value countings are perfo rmed and fortune calculation is also done in Prediction.java. all in all the dataset attributes are defined in calculation.java where mean and standard deviation of attributes were calculated. The calculation.java calls the otherwise two classes while penalise the program. Figure3 represents the program architecture.CUsersKirubanidhyDesktopArchitecture.jpgFigure3. Architecture3.1 Building and running a readTOMCAT server is used to present the output in web based form. The output will run in localhost. The MySQL database is used to identify the patient records. At the execution point, the local host is accessed and 15 questions will be displayed which will be obtained from user and algorithm will be called to calculate and predict the disease possibility on that person. A melodic theme will be generated at the end of the demo which says if the person is predicted with heart disease or not.In general,1. Obtains the values from user.2. Reads the data file.3. Calls the algorithm and calculates mean, deviation, and chance of attributes.4. Generates a report displaying the values given with the prediction of disease.4. capital punishmentAll the attributes of dataset is of a numerical value that has some meaning. The meaning of dataset attributes are as shown in figure2. Example the attributes sex is denoted with values 1 and 0 where 1 denotes Male and 0 denote Female. Fasting blood sugar values are also denoted using 1 and 0 where 1 denotes 120mg of self-restraint blood sugar level and 0 denotes These values from the data file are accessed by the Nave Bayes algorithm. The values 0 and 1 are extracted from data file and stored to an array list for each attribute e.g. age array list, sex array list, and chest pain type array list etc., in order to perform calculation. Here, the values are defined on what those values stands for before storing to the array list. The sample of the embrasure (for obtaining slope value) is shown in figure4. Here the un-sloping, flat, and down- sloping represents the value 1, 2, and 3 respectively.CUsersMadan KumarDownloadsUntitled.jpgFigure 4. Interface SampleCUsersMadan KumarDownloadsUntitled2.jpgFigure5. Sample of report format5. Modules DescriptionAnalyzing the Data setThe attribute Diagnosis was identified as the predictable attribute with value 1 for patients with heart disease and value 0 for patients with no heart disease. The attribute PatientID was used as the bring out the rest are input attributes. It is assumed that problems such as lacking data, inconsistent data, and duplicate data have all been resolved.Naives Bayes Implementation in MiningBayes Theorem finds the probability of an event occurring given the probability of another event that has already occurred. If B represents the dependent event and A represents the prior event, Bayes theorem can be stated as follows.5.2.1 Bayes TheoremProb (B given A) = Prob (A and B)/Prob (A)To calculate the probability of B given A, the algorithm coun ts the number of cases where A and B occur together and divide it by the cases where A occurs alone. Applying Nave Bayes to data with numerical attributes, predict the class using Nave Bayes classificationFigure6 (a) Top Mean (b) Bottom monetary standard DeviationFigure6 (c) Laplace Transform6. EvaluationUser enters the values for the questionnaire to find out whether the patient has a heart disease or not. By ply sample data from the dataset and performing the mining operations with the Nave Bayes algorithm, it is found out that the Nave Bayes algorithm gives 95% probability in predicting if patient have heart disease or not. 95% accuracy is quite good to use as a decision support system.The figure shows the accuracy of Nave Bayes algorithm (figure7). The figure shows the highest probability of correct predictions and lowest probability of incorrect predictions.CUsersMadan KumarDesktopUntitled1.jpgFigure7. mold Results of three algorithms 27. LimitationsApart from the benefits like probabilistic approaches and fast reliable algorithm of Nave Bayes, the serious shortcoming of the algorithm is its ability in intervention small datasets. Nave Bayes classifier requires relatively large dataset to obtain scoop out results. Yet, studies showed that Naive Bayes algorithm outperforms other algorithms in accuracy and efficiency. noted limitation of this paper is the usage of small dataset. This dataset can be used for training or testing purpose only. Also the dataset could include more attributes for a more effective prediction in supporting clinical decisions.8. Future WorkThe algorithm is working well with this sample dataset. Implementing the algorithm with large dataset could give better results which can aid as a supporting tool in making medical decisions. In future, other possible algorithms could be implemented where efficiency of all algorithms could be analyse to decide on best suitable technique in call of speed, reliability, and accuracy.9. Conc lusionIn this paper, Nave Bayes algorithm is the only algorithm used for calculation of attributes and prediction. Efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm in predicting were discussed. scheming effective models are constrained by size of the datasets and noisy, incorrect, missing data values. The prototype developed so far has been generally tested by computer experts and not by the doctors. For effective understanding of the health issues, medical experts have to work collaboratively and test the prototypes in order to implement the system in real life to support medical experts in winning clinical decisions.

A nature and sources of data

A nature and sources of entropyMethodologyNature and sources of selective randomnessThe specific data required for this admit were from primary and secondary sources. unessential data were obtained from the Ibadan compass north Local Government Authority and Ibadan Waste focussing Board. Analogue map of the study area was obtained from the Local Government headquarters. push down use map (1995), road map, extremum data, rail line data were do available from Ibadan Waste Management Board. A field take to task was paid in smart set to determine the names of features on the parallel of latitude map in the attribute field of the digitised copy. GPS was used to capture points on ground for compendium.Hardware and SoftwareThe hardware used in this study intromitd PC Pentium IV (RAM 250 MB, HD 2 GB), HP DeskJet 1220C color printer, HP Scanjet 2400, Logic Trace digitiser, Sony digital camera (8mp) and Garmin E trex 12 carry GPS receiver. The software used in preparing and ab breviation of the data taked MS Excel, ArcView 3.3 with ne iirk Analyst and Super finding for the AHP aspect.DigitisingThe base map was change into digital map for use in GIS by digitising exploitation the plan of ArcView 3.3 GIS software. Digitising a map style converting an analogue map into a digital form by encoding the spatial coordinates of features on the map by the process of on-screen digitising. A digital map that is recognised by the ready reckoner in a GIS environment is the end- crossway of this exercise.Data analysisFive study GIS spatial operations were performed to touch the localise of objective for this project. These are, buffering, overlay, query, network analysis and nearest livehood analysisBufferingIt is a spatial analysis cognize as proximity analysis, generating zones of a given distance around a feature theme. It forms a polygon around a point, line or polygon theme by locating its boundaries at a contract distance. GIS can create buffer zones around selected features. The roads and rails were buffered at a radius of 100m (Javaheri 2006) while the streets were buffered at a radius of 30m. enshroudOverlay was performed to key areas that meet all the set criteria and to show areas that do not meet the criteria. GIS can overlay different pieces of information. It helps in accord the association between network analysis and specific geographic features. Ibadan North map and other data were overlaid to form possible sites.QueryThis overshadow is used to answer the question of what is and where is in GIS. The land use was queried to get the open space while the elevation was queried to get the suitable elevation.Network analysisArc view Network Analyst is a almighty extension that provides network-based spatial analysis including routing, travel directions, closest facility, etc. This was made use of in this study to show the possible routes of connection from the conveying sends to the disposal site.Nearest Neighbour A nalysisThe nearest neighbour analysis helps to determine the nature of the distribution of the features which can be clustered or scattered. It is employed in this study to determine the pattern of scurry distribution. If the index is less than 1, the pattern exhibits clustering and if greater than 1, the trend is toward dispersion. cartographic vexThe cartographic model is simply a graphical example of data and procedures used in a study (Eastman 1995). It is a set of interacting ordered map operations that act on raw data as well as derive intermediate data to sit a spatial decision making process (Tomlin, 1990). It shows all the layers of information starting with the base maps on the left and ending with the end product on the right. Its purposes are to help the analyst organise and structure the procedures that the analysis to be performed in a study exit require and to identify the data needed to complete them.LU= Land-useThe above cartographic model was constructed base d on the fol wretcheding parametersThe land use maps was queried because site attitude moldiness fall outside the land use areas so that resolve will not be polluted by the exhume/ mephitis from the waste.The roads and rail were buffered at a distance of 100m and the streets were buffered at a distance of 30meters to create a good distance between them and the landfill site.The elevation was queried to get an elevation greater than or equal to 222meters so that it will not be located in an area that is too low because of water flow.QuestionnaireQuestionnaires were designed to seek globe opinion as they allow in part of decision-making in a study such as this. 720 questionnaires were distributed among the dissimilar stakeholders, which include the public, planners and officials of Ibadan Municipal Government and Waste Management Board. In order to identify the criteria for siting, opinions from planners were required. Questionnaires were given out to 10 experts as part of public participation. Questionnaires were also distributed among the people living in the major areas where skips were to be allocated. These areas include, Oje market, Gbenla, Adeoyo, Danadaru, postmortem Hotel, Jemebewon, Poly road, Cultural Centre, Bodija, Ikolaba, Oyo Secretariat. 60% of the questionnaires were distributed around the southern part as it was detect during field visit that most illegal dumpsites are around that area.Criteria for weftTo arrive at the selection criteria for choosing a site for landfill, relevant writings and decision makers opinion were sought. put must be close to at least a street with a buffer of 30m (Decision makers preference)Site must not be too far from a transfer station (Decision makers preference)Site must be 3km from residential areas, with the exception of areas with barriers (trees, hills, etc.) (Banar et al. 2007).There should be a minimum distance of 100m between site and roads (Decision makers preference, Javaheri et al. 2006)Site must be on a suitable soil.Site should be constructed in areas which do not have an important economic or ecological value (Lober 1995, Siddiqui et al. 1996).The AHP componentFinally, in the second step, a decision hierarchical structure using the AHP was developed and implemented to rank the two suitable sites according to their suitability for landfill siting. The AHP can assist in identifying and system of weights selection of criteria and expediting the process of decision making (Sener 2010). Preferences of decision makers can be included in a planning problem within an AHP. The problems whence structured in a hierarchical form to allow for burthen of the preferences by pairwise comparisons (Phua and Minowa 2005). The AHP typically involves establishing a graphical incorporateation of problem as a hierarchy, weighting the elements at each level of the hierarchy and scheming the weights (Phua and Minowa 2005). The AHP methodology compares criteria or alternatives with respect t o a criterion, in a natural, pairwise mode. To achieve this, the AHP uses a fundamental scale of absolute numbers (Table 3.2) that has been tested in practice and validated by physical and decision problem experiments. It is peradventure the most widely used decision making approach today. The AHP is principally used to support other methodologies such as in decision making how many servers to employ in a queuing situation taking into rate factors like costs, waiting times and human frustration. Several other applications include resource allocation, forecasting, etc.The Super Decisions software (Saaty 2003) was used in create the AHP model. A Super Decisions model generally comprises clusters of elements rather than elements arranged in levels. Clusters contain node which represent the elements in them. For example, the criteria for siting a landfill may include proximity to transportation networks, proximity to waste collection centres, etc. These represent the nodes in the C riteria cluster. When a line joins a cluster with another cluster, it means the nodes in both clusters are connected together. The main aim of using the AHP is to assign weights to criteria and come out with the best alternative.

Mind Map: Counselling Theories and Remote Mentoring

take heed social function Counselling Theories and conflicting MentoringA headspring- comprise design rationaleAccording to Tony Buzzan1, the goal of a instinct Map is to format development in a two dimensional fashion, in an easily retrievable format that is easy to re study, allowing for easy association. The principal Map is a method of reviewing great quantities of information at a glance2. top dog Maps ar used as alternative methods of organising information in a manner that obviate elongated idea, in an attempt to work the elbow room the brain works3.Different methods of intelligence office range from computer programs to trade drawing with free-form hand drawing the most effective for incorporating brain-storming. Russell4 states that during the Mind Mapping butt on, hotshot should not hold back on ideas or thoughts, only include what comes to mind without judgement or boundaries. Landsberger5 suggests that the Mind Map should buzz off based on the direction a topic takes instead than limitations enforce on constituteping methodology or self-imposed boundaries.Within the handle of mental hygiene and psych other(a)apeutic readying, wise maning is an key concept. With the growth, reading and generalised reliance in our society on computers along with the development of virtual working and training grounds, the concept of e-mentoring, or on t wholeness mentoring is a high growth area and is one achieving attention in the literature. therefore, this essay will focus on the development of a Mind Map with the primeval stem turn of e-mentoring. Specific topics cogitate to detailed development in spite of appearance psychological schools of thought are considered beyond the scope of the authoritative essay and as such, as explicitly omitted.Mind Map DesignWith the central theme of e-mentoring, there were umpteen topics that vied for jutting as secondary central themes, however, four became primary in archaeozoic thoughts on dev elopmentTraining in psychotherapyMentorElectronics/ computer mental hygieneBased on the four pronged conceptualisation, the original mental image presented itself as the Greek symbol for psych, the three pronged severalize with a base extension. In this case, the base extension was the use of computers and engine room which is the underlying foundation for an e-mentoring programme. Unfortunately during the actual execution of the Mind Map development, so much information naturally flowed that the original mental exhibit of the design did not materialise.Mind Map researchers violencee the use of work in the design of ones Mind Map6,7. Colours were primitively chosen for their visibility and distinctiveness from one another against the pureness play down of the page, upon reflection. However, it is interesting to note the pink used for the mentor, as significant emphasis was on pistillate mentor relationship issues and the generalised assumption that mentors would be womani sh. Training in Psychotherapy was evidenced by turquoise colourful branches, which grabms somewhat impound based in training needs cosmos much(prenominal) clinical. Psychotherapys branch was in purple, also appropriate upon reflection, as the many an(prenominal) modes and modalities of psychotherapy are just about wellness much represented in the media with purple. Finally, the surprising colour for computers and electronics, forming the base of the psych symbol was in green. One would normally not think of computers and technology as living, represented by green, however, in todays age, with technology being so important in our lifestyle and that of an e-mentoring programme, in many ways, computers represent life. of import branches in the design of a Mind Map are vox of sub-themes8. In this case, mentor, computers/electronics, psychotherapy and training in psychotherapy were all believed to be specific subdivisions of the e-mentoring process in the field of psychology/p sychotherapy. Research states that sub-points are representative of additional levels of information, with the initial branches from the central theme representative of straight off related important facts9. Although some Mind Map methods suggest cable lengthar composition10 kind of than free-flowing forms11,12, this author chose to use a freer flowing format for the sub-themes presented.Russell13 suggests use arrows, icons and other visual aids to show linkages whereas other researchers suggest using arrows to demonstrate connectivity14. Landsberger suggests the use of arrows with connectivity labels, even if the nomenclature are nonsense words with meaning attributable only to the Mind Map creator15. In this instance, linkages were show by double sided arrows, many of which were flexible and bended almost objects or attributes. Several arrows/links representing relationships in the Mind Map designed around e-mentoring crossed amidst sub-themes or domains and due to colou r coding and information congestion, were difficult to fully express. For example, the link between female mentor and psychotherapy was delineated as it is believed that the mentor role is in part counsellor16. Kotkov states that the mentee-mentor relationship is similar based on the academic model, to that which transpires in the psychotherapeutic setting17. some other example is the integration between the four themes of cognitive behaviour therapy that are linked in the Mind Map stimulus, thought, emotion and behaviour18. Looking to bail risks inherent in the e-mentoring process, the link was drawn between emails and digital attachments19,20. There were also very strong relationships/links apparent in the female mentor in the mother/daughter role, and in the mother mentor figure seen as the powerful parent21,22 that was mention via a linkage. A to a greater extent convoluted, but none the less important linkage was illustrated in the psychotherapy branch by linking soulfulnes s-centred with relationships and effectiveness and critical engagement with twain relationships and effectiveness, person centred with empathy and unconditional positive regard23.On the other hand, although concerns are shared about security, the security risks commented on through the integration of internet use noted by Kane24 was not linked to the legal risks associated with mentoring noted by Heinrich25 although both loosely relate to potential legal issues it was felt by this generator that internet security and the potential legal issues of the mentor-mentee relationship were distinct from to each one other. Personal ReflectionAs a personal approach to psychotherapy, this writer believes in a person centred approach that is heavily based on relationships for effectiveness in therapy. As a result, the links described above emphasising relationships as a key element of the psychotherapy sub-theme in the Mind Map demonstrates its lead in to person-centred psychotherapy. Other branches of the Mind Map explored other theories and therapeutic avenues, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, which were also important for display as evidencing those areas in which these theories no not fit within the structure of a person-centred approach.Lessons Learned and ConclusionsThe primary conclusion drawn from calculative the Mind Map based on an e-mentoring (in the field of psychotherapy) central theme is the complexity and multiplicity of issues. While there are many that inter-relate and/or link with each other, the brain storming process involved served to spawn more(prenominal) ideas than originally thought, such that each of the original sub-themes could have actually fit its own central theme in the design of a more detailed Mind Map.The original concept of designing the mind function was an exciting prospect the central theme had been one I was intercommunicate about as related to future needs. Thus, when the central theme was corroborate for the mind defend it was believed that a unique opportunity presented itself to explore the central theme in a fictive way allowing for free thinking, thinking outside the box, without any traditional or conventional boundaries. In many ways, although the mind map is unstructured in the creative process, it is still a structured development process as one drills down to more detailed concepts, issues and layers of a subject. While Landsberger26 states that one should revise the mind map by erasing or editing, that seems to be contrary to the concept of mind part in the first place as a process which fosters creativity. Thus, upon reflection, without modifications, the current Mind Map feels cluttered. If one were to draw the mind map everyplace again, the use of a sixth colour would be incorporated rigorously to show links. Additionally, in the linkage process a variety of line types would be used to designate different linkages, for example a lusty line to represent a direct relationship and a stippled or broken line to represent an indirect relationship.In many ways, staying focused was difficult. In the brain storming process, especially when one is not to mystify personal judgements, it is easy to get carried away. Thus, it appeared there was a fine line between free thinking and conforming. When getting near the edge of a page for example, the natural inclination was to think the branch was completely explored rather than rounding the corner or moving towards a free white space.Finally, the decision to hand-draw rather than use a computer program to shape the map was a difficult one. The computer program was more in all probability to utilise its own intelligent system to draw the finished map, go steady legibility and coherence. A hand-drawn mind map, on the other hand, was more promising to represent the structure in a creative manner rather than one obtained through linear thinking, as would be required for introduce into digital form.The most useful c oncept discovered in the instauration of the mind map was ability to see links between concepts that great power otherwise be left undiscovered. For example, when reviewing issues within psychotherapy of transference and countertransference these were the aforesaid(prenominal) issues uncovered within the mentoring process, especially with the mixed feelings and power relationship structures of female mentors and mentees27.Another useful concept in the design and creation of the mind map was the discovery of how complex the issue of e-mentoring in the psychotherapy educatee environment. One tends to isolate conceptual topics and think of the central theme as very narrow when researching a topic. The mind-map process enabled a more creative perspective to draw out what one magnate consider ancillary themes only to discover they are major themes that interrelate and integrate with one another.In conclusion, this essay has explored design and development concepts of a mind map wit h the central theme e-mentoring in the psychotherapeutic and counselling environment. The design process was explored along with procedural strengths and weaknesses. In summation, the process of designing the mind map was believed a positive endeavour allowing for greater exploration. The result provided a grander view of the central topic and the ability to seek relationships between sub-topics or themes that might otherwise remain unnoticed. The ability to quickly see the entire conniption painted via the diagram at a glance allowing the viewer to see all makes the mind map an excellent and effective learning tool.ReferencesGannon, Joyce. juvenile Mentoring. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)2006. Online. Retrieved from http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-155116925.html Accessed 29 June 2008.Gawrylewski, Andrea. Taking Mentorship Online. The Scientist, 21, 83 85)2007.Heinrich, Kathleen T. Doctoral Advisement Relationships between Women On intimacy and Betrayal. Journal of Higher Education, 6 6, 447 469)1995.Kane, Daniel. Long Distance Mentoring everywhere Email. US Fed News Service)2007.Kotkov, Benjamin. The Perils of Supervision Teaching in the Psychotherapy Setting. recital of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8)2005. Online. Retrieved from http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1134955706 Accessed 29 June 2008.Landsberger, Joe. Concept- or Mind-Mapping. cartoon Guides and Strategies)2008. Online. Retrieved from http//www.studygs.net/mapping Accessed 29 June 2008.Mahoney, Michael J. Essential Themes in the Training of Psychotherapists. Constructivism in the gay Sciences, 17, 43 59)1998.Mind Maps. Mind Tools, Ltd.)2008Online. Retrieved from http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newISS.01.htm Accessed 29 June 2008.Mulhauser, Greg. Evaluating Therapeutic metier in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Online. Retrieved from http//counsellingresource.com/types/effectiveness.html Accessed 29 June 2008.Russell, Peter. How to Mind Map. The pump of Now)1997. Online. Retrieved f rom http//peterrussell.com/MindMaps/HowTo.php Accessed 29 June 2008. accompaniment A Mind MapSENT UNDER SEPARATE turnIf you havent received it please contact DD for retrieval.11 Cited in Mind Maps. Mind Tools, Ltd.)2008Online. Retrieved from http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newISS.01.htm Accessed 29 June 2008.2 Mind Maps.3 P. Russell. How to Mind Map. The Spirit of Now)1997. Online. Retrieved from http//peterrussell.com/MindMaps/HowTo.php Accessed 29 June 2008.4 Russell.5 J. Landsberger. Concept- or Mind-Mapping. Study Guides and Strategies)2008. Online. Retrieved from http//www.studygs.net/mapping Accessed 29 June 2008.6 Mind Map.7 Russell.8 Russell.9 Mind Map.10 Landsberger.11 Russell.12 Mind Map.13 Russell.14 Mind Maps.15 Landsberger.16 B. Kotkov. The Perils of Supervision Teaching in the Psychotherapy Setting. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8)2005. Online. Retrieved from http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1134955706 Accessed 29 June 2008.17 Kotkov, 6.18 G. M ulhauser, Greg. Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Online. Retrieved from http//counsellingresource.com/types/effectiveness.html Accessed 29 June 2008.19 A. Gawrylewskia. Taking Mentorship Online. The Scientist, 21, 83 85)2007.20 D. Kane. Long Distance Mentoring everyplace Email. US Fed News Service)200721 Mahoney, Michael J. Essential Themes in the Training of Psychotherapists. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 17, 43 59)1998.22 Heinrich, Kathleen T. Doctoral Advisement Relationships between Women On Friendship and Betrayal. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 447 469)199523 Mulhauser.24 Kane.25.Heinrich, 460.26 Landsberger.27 Heinrich, 447 469.

Tetanus Toxin: Structure and Purification

Tetanus Toxin twist and PurificationTetanus is regarded amongst the most sober and fatal disease since ancient times 1. Tetanus is termed from a Greek word Tetanos which means- to contract *. The disease is generally initiated due to deep wounds, cuts, and during harmful situations like natural calamities, physical trauma, etc. a It was firstborn discovered by Hippoc set outs in early 19th century *. However it was etiologically described by Carle and Rattone who were first to stool tetanus in animals by injecting pus extracted from an give human with the same disease in 1884. During this same period Nicolaier withal produced tetanus in animals from soil attempts. Further research in 1889 by Kitasato revealed that animals were infected by this disease when they were injected with a particular existence discriminate from a human patient *. Nocard in 1897 revealed that this disease can be treated by the use of its antitoxin. Moreover in 1924 the significance of toxoid came into existence during World War I which was formulated by Descombey and this unresisting immunization against tetanus was majorly used during World War II *.Structure of tetanus toxinThe tetanus toxin is of 150kD comprising of three cut offs i.e. A,B and C having a molecular(a) burthen of 50kD each n. Fragments A and B were observed to be non-spastically toxic and besides to block the release of catecholamine. It to a fault inhibits the action of synaptic nerves and therefore exhibits an important federal agency in the toxicity of the toxin. On the other cave in dissolve C is regarded as the non-toxic subunit just now retaining the required antigenic properties of the toxin. This fragment is seen to bind with gangliosides, motor endplates and synaptic tissue layers. It also helps in imparting of the toxin from the periphery to the central nervous system o.Krieglestein et al. in 1990 stated that tetanus toxin is a 151-kD protein. The complete aminic acid sequence is known . The mature toxin is do of two peptide and contains 10 half-cystine residues. Treatment with 4-vinylpyridine in the presence of 6M guanidine converted sextet of them into s-pyridylethyl cysteine residues are determines by amino acid analysis. When alkylation was preceded by mercaptolysis, all 10 halfcystine residues were recovered in the s-pyridylethylated form. It was therefore concluded that the toxin contains six sulfhydryl groups and two disulfide amaze rMode of ActionRossetto et al. in 2001 reported that the neuroparalytic syndromes of tetanus is caused by neurolysins produced by bacteria of the genus clostridium of 150 kDa proteins consisting of three-do master(prenominal)s, endowed with different functions neuro proper(postnominal) binding, membrane translocation and specific proteolysis of three key components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus. After binding to the presynaptic membrane of motoneurons, tetanus neurotoxin ( camp down) is internalized and chargeed retroax onally to the spinal cord, where it blocks neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons. TeNT cleave specifically at single but different peptide bonds, VAMP/synaptobrevin, a membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles s.Ke jelly et al. in 2002 stated that the 50kD ligh filament subunit comprises of zinc metalloproteases which cleaves synatobrevin that is not involved in neuroexocytosis t.Foster in 2009 Stated that TeNT enters the body via wounds and initially binds and internalizes into the peripheral closings of motorneurons where it is transported by retrograde axonal transport to the motorneuron in the spinal cord. TeNT is transported to somatodendritic postsynaptic sites and is released into the synaptic cleft where it under(a)goes receptor intercede uptake into the presynaptic termini of the inhibitory interneurons, from where it translocates into the cytosol and inhibits neurotransmitter release. u.Starting material for purging of tetanus toxinRaynaud in 1951 developed a technique of victimisation non-autolyzed toxin direct from the organism i.e. Clostridium tetani i .This technique gave an advantage of obtaining a more concent come ind form of toxin as compared to that obtained from the filt scores ij. For this purpose the organism was generally cultured and subcultured victimization Tarozzi medium* and modified Tarozzi medium j Latham medium was also widely used for the same conclude j k. M. Matsuda et.al in 1989 also used modified Latham medium for culturing of Clostridium tetani o. ponderer and Miller in 1954 investigated that pancreatic digest of casein contained some inhibitory content which was solved by charcoal treatment y. Toxin was also extracted by treating the bacterial cells in hypertonic solution utilise 0.1M sodium citrate and 1M sodium chloride as stated by Bernard Bizzini et.al qConventional method to produce tetanus vaccineThe Harvard strain of Clostridium tetani is grown in a fermentor for about a week us e a semisynthetic medium. This leads the bacteria to lyze and release the toxin obtained in the supernatant. This method yielded about 60-80 Lf/ml. This yield is then filtered and detoxified development formaldehyde. This reacts with the toxin molecule mainly the amino groups of lysineresulting in imine formation, further reacts with the unstable groups of iminazole or phenol ring finally involves a cross-linking reaction surrounded by the both the amino groups. Formaldehyde also affects the 3-D structure, therefore do the toxic conformational epitopes y.Purification by HPLCKunihiro Ozutsumiet.al. in 1985 used extracts from the organism for purification of tetanus toxin use High performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) j. The toxin extracted from the previously described method was initially purified using ammonium ion sulfate ruin followed by ultracentrifugation in order to get rid of the unwanted particulate matter matter by filtering it through a 0.2 um membrane fi lter. The pure sample in the equilibrating modify at a pH of 7.5 proceeded through a final step of purification by running it on HPLC using a tugboat of a TSK G3000 SW of 0.75 x 60 dimensions. This editorial was equilibrated using 0.1M sodium-phosphate buffer at a pH of 6.8 and the flow rate was maintained at 0.6 ml/min. The reckons obtained were tested for its protein content at 280nm using a UV spectrophotometer j. Further the efficiency of HPLC was compared with another gel filtration method using Ultrogel column j o.Purification using Sephadex G-100For large scale outturn of tetanus toxoid, Alcohol precipitation was used for immunization purpose by Pillemer L. et.al b. However, Levine et.al in 1951 used to puke the tetanus toxoid by ammonium sulfate precipitation c. Later, further purification and characterization of the toxoid was achieved by filtering it through Sephadex gels using G-100 columns as stated by Williams C. et.al in 1965 d. This alter and low cost method y ielded four separable fractions of the toxoid where the first two fractions of 55-65% non dialyzable nitrogen possessed significant antigenic properties. The next fraction obtained was of smaller molecular weight and showed poor antigenecity when injected in animals however the fourth fraction obtained was not identified but was predicted to be metabolic by-products of the organism and had no significant role d. Before running on the column the protein concentration was find out using a UV spectrometer at 280nm. Chromatographic gel filtration was performed using a column of 1.2 x 0.062 m dimension. The column was packed and equilibrated with 0.1M phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.5, to boot 1% formaldehyde can be added to inhibit the bacterial growth. The null volume after equilibration was maintained at 800ml at the flow rate was fixed at 80ml/hr. The sample loading volume was around 50ml and was concentrated to about 100,000 Lf. The four fractions were collected and were furthe r seperated by recycling them on the same column d. This method gave an efficient insight on how to purify and separate different components of the toxoid.M Matsuda in 1989 carried out the interval of fragment A-B treated with urea by running it on a ccolumn packed with Sephadex G-25, equilibrated with 0.02M tris-HCL buffer containing trace amounts of dithiothreitol and urea o. Other gels such as Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-200 was also used by researchers like Bernard Bizzini, Immunodiffusion test was also carried out using Ouchterlonys method o p q.Papain Digestion of Tetanus toxinFurther research by Helting and Zwister in 1974 made possible to obtain fragment C from Tetanus toxin which has significant antigenic properties but lack pathogenecity and thus occupies a major role in immunization e. Helting et.al stated that Tetanus toxin can be extravagant in a specific pattern. The mild papain digestion cleaves the F(ab) region. The papain enzyme breaks the 150kD toxin into two par ts, one comprising of the C-terminal of the operose scope i.e. of 47kD which corresponds to the Fragment C of the toxin whereas the other part of 95kD consists of N-terminal heavy chain subunit along with the sparklinger chain polypeptide forming the fragment B (refer to fingerbreadth 2). This Fragment B was observed to have a toxic gist on mice when injected with a sufficient dose and also has an adverse resolution on the nervous system, thus it was requirement to purify and obtain exactly Fragment C for immunization and to further study its immune solution f. The purified Fragment C was separated and obtained by chromatographic methods and by using anti-Fragment C IgG f.Ulrich Weller in 1989 performed papain digestion for 16 hours of overnight stirring of the toxin at 25C at a concentration of 40ug/ml. The toxin was suspended in 10mM sodium-phosphate buffer at pH of 6.5 with 1mM EDTA and NaN3 and 10mM cysteine. After the incubation period 0.5mM of Ll-chloro-3-tosylamido-7 -amino-2-heptanone was added as a stop solution in order to inactivate papain by further incubating it at room temperature for 30 min and was then cooled to 0C with saturated ammonium sulfate solution at pH 6.5 with further centrifugation. The precipitate was resuspended in the same buffer mentioned. This further proceeded for its separation and purification on Sephadex G-100 column and the fractions were collected at the flow rate of 15ml/hr b*.These fractions were further pooled and contrated using a Centiprep 10 concentrator and the buffer was changed to 0.5 M NaCl with 30mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.5. The fragments B and C showed up homogenously on SDS-PAGE. The fragment C was further dialyzed against 10mM sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5. The samples obtained were further checked for its protein content at 285nm and was determined by modified lowry method after trichloroacetic acid precipitation. They also ran an SDS-PAGE using rerducing and non-reducing gels and was stained by C oomassie blue-250 and the chains and fragments of the toxin were determined according to their known amino acid sequence b*Other methods developed to obtain fragment CFishman et al. (1992) Pointed out that the non-toxic binding fragment of tetanus toxin (fragment C) binds avidly to uneasy tissue and has a growing number of neurobiological uses. Its current proceeds is limited by both its high commercial cost and the tortuous purpose for its preparation requiring highly purified tetanus toxin. A short procedure was developed which prepares fragments of tetanus toxin from crude C. tetani extracts. The resultant proteins are atoxic with molecular sizes and immunological properties closely resembling fragment C. These proteins undergo retrograde axonal and apparent transneuronal transport in a fashion similar to fragment C v.Ledoux et al. in 1994 Indicated that tetanus toxin once internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis, form membrane channels in order to traverse the endosom al membrane and enter the cytoplasm of the nerve terminal forming an association between neurotoxin monomers which results in an oligomeric form of the neurotoxin necessary for assembly of a channel through the hydrophobic interior of the endosomal membrane, thereby allowing passage of the neurotoxin or its active fragment through the resulting focus w.Technique used to test the specificity of the heavy and light chain subunitsMatsuda and Yoneda in 1975 obscure the heavy and light chain subunits from a toxin reduced by treatment with dithiothreitol-ureag h. Kunihiro Ozutsumiet.al. in 1985 used the technique of electrophoresis using sodium-dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel i.e. SDS-PAGE as shown in Figure (3). and was further used to put up a western blot in order to check the specificity of the isolated subunits obtained l m j. SDS-PAGE allowed the toxin to stack at 49kD corresponding to the fragment C subunit and 85kD comprising of the 4heavy chain subunit jGoretzki and Haberma nn in 1985 characterized enzymatic fragments of tetanus toxin by immunoblotting using a set of previously characterized antibodies and a set of novel antibodies. The selected antibodies recognized the light chain, fragment C (1) and the complementary piece (2) of the heavy chain when blotted on nitrocellulose. All toxin preparations contained intrinsic esteroprotease activity which became manifest in the presence of urea. The main product of papain hydrolysis is fragment C, which appears as a double band under non reducing conditions but is homogeneous when reduced. Chymotryptic digestion hydrolyses the heavy chain well but leaves the light chain largely intact. Tetanus toxin is very resistant against trypsin as compared with other proteases, although this enzyme splits numerous different links x.

Politics Essays Gender Stereotypes Tudor

Politics Essays sexual activity Stereotypes TudorGender Stereotypes TudorTo what score were gender stereotypes a factor in Tudor politics?The fore al nigh thing to say is that Tudor monarchy was non idealistic, like all govern handsts it was originally pragmatic in approach, and the great changes in the relationship of Crown and fan tan in this period were a result of immediate needs and evolving precedent. Cromwell steered fantan towards a considerable extension in its competence to include issues of religion, the while and the unity of the Realm. In doing so, he allowed MPs to decl ar purplish Supremacy and established a new focus of sove governty, the King-in- fan tan. Edwards nonage made the nature of Cromwells Royal Supremacy go on. It was through Parliament that objections to Somersets rule were overridden and it was Parliament that was used to transform the authorized doctrine of England. Respect for statute was a key reason wherefore so many leading Protestants ac cepted bloody shame as pouf in 1553. After Marys death, Elizabeth and William Cecil inherited a maculation in which Parliament was growing into a genuine semi policy-making assemblage and the use of parliamentary consent became the norm entirely it is wrong to converge in these developments the origins of Parliaments s stock-stillteenth-century attack on divine rightfield kingship.Parliament supported the Crown with m cardinaly, counsel and by passing its laws. When unrequested advice was offered by MPs on matters which plainly concerned the royal prerogative, the charrly monarch simply refused to be drawn into conflict and avoided a crisis. The Tudors had actually clear expectations of men and women, and in general men were expected to be the breadwinners and women to be housewives and mothers. On average, a adult fe mannish gave birth to a child all two years and having a child was considered a great notice to women, as children were seen as blessings from God, and Tudor women took great pride in beingness mothers.Many women in this period were highly educated. Women were not allowed to go to groom or to university, but they could be educated at home by occult tutors. Elizabeth I was tutored by the famous Tudor scholar Roger Ascham. Women were not allowed to enter professions such as law, medicine, politics, but they could work in house servant service as cooks, maids and were as well allowed to write works of literature, providing the subject was fit for women mainly translations or religious works. Women were not allowed to act on the prevalentwealth stage or write for the public stage.Acting was considered dishonorable for women and women did not appear on the stage in England until the seventeenth century. In Shakespeares plays, the roles of women were a great deal played by young boys. Women, regardless of social position, were not allowed to balloting (however, only men of a authorized social position were allowed to vote). incomplete could women inherit their fathers titles. All titles would pass from father to son or sidekick to brother, depending on the circumstances. The only exception was Royalty.The Crown could pass to a daughter, and this allowed Mary, and thus Elizabeth, to reign. In some cases women could not inherit estates, but women could be heiresses to property. A man was considered to be the head of a marriage and was expected to shade after(prenominal) his wife and children. There was no divorce in Tudor times and marriage lasted until unmatchable of the couple died. An Annulment could be obtained, which would immoral the marriage was not lawful, but extensive evidence would start out to be provided if this was applied for. Henry VIII only ever regarded Jane Seymour and Katherine Parr as his wakeless wives.The stereotypical idea of a Tudor woman being weak, frail, halting and foolish has been dril conduct into our heads for centuries. Even Elizabeth Tudor is said to nurse ap peared on the political stage apologetic for her fe manlyness. The purpose of this essay is to see to what point gender stereotypes where an issue in the political factor of the Tudor times, and to what result this has, if at all, changed. What roles did men and women take on and why where they different, or indeed, segregate? Do the ideals of the Tudor times affect society today? These factors volition be seen during my conclusion.Women and their involvement in politics has constantly been an intriguing to those interested in the history of politics. Women linked with the Royals, or Nobility, -albeit wives, mothers, mistresses, offspring or siblings-have always been the subject of investigation, regarding the power the held over those the ruled, and even the dresser they exercised from their concealed places merchantman those who ruled. Yet, even in the face of this focus, todays historians bet unadventurous near laying the notion of power and becharm, at the door of th e fe manly persuasion. To begin with an grammatical case of how gender was an issue, regardless of rank or station, we slew look to the monarchy.In the Tudor century, two types of queen had control of the court. They were called Consorts and Regnant. A scarpers role was one of reproduction. She would be married to a king, but because braggy birth to a male heir defined the success of her reign her inability to reproduce sometimes endangered her position as consort, as Henry VIIIs wives discovered. The consorts life-time narrowly reflected that of noblewomen those who were expected to produce a male heir to continue their husbands line, to overlook the days work in the household, and to support the numerous charities and religious institutions that were seen as appropriate for women to support.A consorts royal status allowed her opportunities to engage in court politics. Mary and Elizabeth Tudor were exceptions to this rule, as even though they took the title from marriage and s uccession, they were shut away expected to rule as monarchs. A Queen Regnant was one whose royal status was a birthright and not an outcome of marriage. These promote where seen as actually reigning and controlling the kingdom, and not with menial activities such as overseeing the running of the household. The notion that women were not able to govern their land, led to the idea that they must take their male councilors advice to avoid disaster.There were even concerns about whether Philip II would dominate the decision making during Marys reign. Traditionally speaking, women in politics during the Tudor century where very marginal and hidden figures. Their domain was the household, and work was domestic, as opposed to the male world, a world of very public politics and business ventures. Women were awarded no accreditation for the parts played by them during an event of importance.Indeed, to George Bernard referred to Anne Boleyn as nothing more than a flirt and lightsome living lady, even after the controversial ideas of her religious influence, aver adultery and consequential fall. Tudor society was patriarchal, meaning that men were considered to be the leaders and women their inferiors. Women were regarded as the weaker sex, in both physical and emotional valueIn general females, whether married or single, were seen as unable to designate in political factors and were seen as ge dineroically inferior to their male counterparts. unwedded women would be chaperoned constantly by male congeners and guardians, as it was thought that without a husband to guide them, they would be incapable or looking after their household affairs.Women would spend most of their lives in the house attained by them through marriage. They would focus on the interests of their husbands, children and grandchildren, and those without children would often focus on the interests of siblings, in particular sisters. On first perception, it is easy to perceive a womans world as na rrow and confined to a small space, when in reality, their daily activities and contacts spread further than most could imagine.Built upon a womans family and complex network of friends and contacts, was weaved great resource and political influence that allowed these women to perform their motherly, wifely and widows duties with great flair. Their martial family gave them the power they needed to chase in everyday life, while their birth families provided a safety net for them, if their marriages ever failed.A womans birth family was usual the most important in the line of contacts she kept. Her father would be involved with her life extensively, even after she was married to aid them as wives and mothers and to help them with fiscal issues. In contrast, the males in the Tudor times, held an assurance which was officially known as political, although this could entail anything from attending the House of Lords, to arranging their sisters marriages and seeing to a respective suito r. The main parliamentary figure though, was the king, or Queen regnant. Elizabeth I was one of these queens, who took her political power seriously, and without a husband to guide her, oftentimes to the distress of Parliament.She gave the House of Commons control over certain authority but made it clear, that as the head of the institution, certain matters would be left(a) to her and her Privy Council. When parliament demanded that she be married in 1571, she told them in no uncertain terms, that they had no right to discuss matters that directly affected her. Although Elizabeth didnt allow the fact that she was a woman affect her working life, it did seem as though being female was an issue, as she constantly fought to impersonate herself as male.Rank seemingly played no part in the gender issues of the Tudor age. Upper-class and lower-class women alike attained authority through social standing, relationships and contact with those in higher power and womans incorporation into politics, although not the electorate, was the result of increased literacy skills-especially the ability to read- in women allowing them more access to news, information and ideas.In regard to the political goals, most men and women shared the alike ideals. To make an advantageous match in marriage would secure money holdings and status which allowed both genders to equally larn influence over such factors as land accumulation, the holding of their theme and status, and the ability to further family members in terms of careers and marriage.Professor Barbara Harriss query into gender and Tudor times has been able to show that what was considered domestic, public, political and private where very hard to distinguish from each other during this time. The family was the quintessential political base for women. If you were a wife or mother, this would be considered your career which was politically significant. Women were constantly involved in activities which allowed them to buil d and maintain relationships with others, such as arranging marriages. Professor Harris rethought this domestic choresOf course, the issue concerning gender where not bonnie rife in the household and in business ventures. Gender was a very common influence on sentencing a criminal as well. Tudor punishments were very severe and entailed hanging, burning to death, torture, whipping, being chained to stocks you would have all sorts of rubbish and rotten foods thrown at you before you eventually starved to death(if you were lucky),or some passing animal decided to have a bite, dunking in a river or branding with a hot iron. These are only a few examples of how a criminal would be treated. brisk was sentenced for serious offences such as robbery with violence and begging. For this act, a knock down was often used. A pillory was made of two upright posts and two boards which were held together with each other. These boards had circular affordings for the neck and wrists of the prison er. The pillory had a roof, open sides and was placed on a platform. The prisoner would stand through his whipping, being fully exposed to the public.This form of punishment was usually reserved for male offenders. Women who were accused of being scolds where taken to a device called a move stool, a highly popular form of punishment for the time. Historians have argued the meaning of the term scold relentlessly and have discussed its implications at length. The same questions always come to rise. Where these women independent, and was this type of punishment one brought by men to keep their women in check? After all, social conformity was highly important during the Tudor times, and it was often felt that men had to keep their women at hand to save themselves from the embarrassment of having an unruly wife, mother, etc.For Women though, the most common crime was of witchcraft. It was common practice during this period to blame someone for adjuration your cattle if one or more of y our livestock died without an obvious reason. witchcraft was considered a serious offence, and was punished in the most serious ways. The Witches of Warboys is an example of those involved in witch-hunting. The Witches of Warboys refers to Alice Samuel and her family between who where accused, taken to trail and then penalise on charges of witchcraft in the village of Warboys, England.The accusations were first made by Jane Throckmorton, who had started having fits. She accused the 76 year old Alice Samuel of enchanting her and Janes quadruple sisters and some household servants begin reporting similar symptoms. In 1590, skirt Cromwell, (the grandmother of Oliver Cromwell,) came to Warboys to visit. During this time, she met Mrs. Samuel and too accused her of being a witch. At one point, an argument ensued, which was quickly dissolved when Lady Cromwell cut off a lock of Mrs. Samuelss hair.Lady Cromwell later became ill and later died in 1592.In 1592 Alice Samuel confessed to wit chcraft, and was taken to Huntingdon where she was imprisoned with her daughter Agnes and her husband John. All three were tested on April 5th 1593 for the murder, by witchcraft, of Lady Cromwell, and were found guilty. They were sentenced to be hanged. In conclusion, it seems that in the Tudor Century, men and women were segregated in just about everything, from the way they performed daily duties, to what crime was applicable to them.Tudor politics was no different, with the exception of certain women given power in some circumstances, but they still had to appease male advisors and peers, if their influence was to go ahead.Queens such as Elizabeth I made up for her lack in a husband or any other close male relative with her dealings with her male councilors and through the image of her personality as male during contact with the public. In response to the Parliamentary request she marries, 1559I am already bound unto a husband, which is the kingdom of England and that may suffice you.This turn out to society that although she was a woman, she was not ruled by her male peers. Gender issues were a factor in Tudor politics, but they were not exclusively oppressive. It seems that for some people, the gates where open to them, as long as they adhered to certain rules and conduct. It is probably fair to say that, despite the limitations, women had more freedom in the Tudor period than they had had previously and would have again for some time. The reincarnation brought with it a new way of thinking. Elizabeth being on the throne also encouraged men to educate their daughters, in the hope that it would secure them a more advantageous match in marriage, further widening their political influence.ReferencesReed, K Selected Writings of John Knox Public Epistles, Treatises, and Expositions to the Year 1559 Presbyterian Heritage Publications, (1994) chirp Levin, the Reign of Elizabeth I (Palgrave, 2002).www.tudorbritain.orgElton, G.R. England under the Tudors. Routle dge(1955)Daybell, J. Women and Politics in Early sophisticated England, 1450-1700 Ashgate.(2004)

Blindness and Sight - Lack of Vision in Oedipus the King :: King Lear essays

Parental cecity in King Lear As Shakespeare presents to us a tragic var. of parental and filial love, in which a prosperous man is devested of effect and finally recognises his idiocy, empathy is induced in the audience. In King Lear, it is illustrious from the beginning of the play that both Lear and Gloucester suffer from self-approbation and will consequently detect revelation by enduring the rack of this tough world. while Lear mistakenly entrusts the shallow professions of love from his thankless daughters - Goneril and Regan - instead of the selfless talking to of Cordelia, Gloucester shadows a similar ignorance by initially entrusting love in the sliminess Edmund, rather than Edgar, whom we consider to be a truly loyal alarming gentlemen. Undeniably, both parents misjudge appearance for reality, as it is only in this look that they can let the great gods that keep this dreadful pudder Oer their heads / engender out their enemies where all vengeance comes too short. When Lear is rejected by Goneril and Regan and stripped of his hundred Knights and squires, he is left with nothing in the wilderness, similarly the loyal company of Kent and the Fool, and later on, Edgar and Gloucester. It appears that at this stage he senses his folly, that he did Cordelia wrong. But Lear has yet to gain full insight. Although, to begin with entering the hovel, he realises that he has been a man more sinned against hell, the accomplish of self-discovery is not complete until all truth is unveiled. As Lear realises his folly in bannishing Cordelia - his joy and the only daughter who truly loves him - we sense Lears increase sorrow and despair. By revealling his sin, he is subjecting himself to punishment. Perhaps it is a deserve motion, since he had passed judgement and punished Kent and Cordelia for coming between the dragon and his resentment, that is, him and his power. Now the gods above rightfully control Lears destiny, abiding by the process that man ha s to suffer to gain peace. At this particular moment, Lear is still unconscious(predicate) of Kents identity, disguised as Caius, ever since he bannished Kent for defending Cordeilas thoughtful woof to love and be silent. We understand that the disguise is a vogue in which Kent can protect and continually serve the poor, weak and debile Lear. Lear begins to accomplish understanding through the change in his contemptuous demeanour to a sympathetic learning man.

Catapulting though Time & Physics Essay example -- Essays Papers

Catapulting though Time & PhysicsHurling an object towards ones oppositeness may seem as aged as clock itself. People have hurled fists at each other, thrown spears, and launched giant rocks into enemy territory. The use of catapults, and other objects that hurl arugulas, also seem as old as human civilization itself. The effectiveness of the catapult in flinging objects over a great distance and causing destruction is due to a few basic physics principals that govern force, energy, motion, speed and mass to elevate a few. The design of the catapult denotes a change in red-brick warfare to the engineer behind weapons being just as Copernican as the actual soldiers and people who use them. Projectile-throwing machines are found in three main categories the catapult, the ballista, and the trebuchet (How Stuff Works). The catapult has a open up arm attached to a bucket that is normally pulled lynchpin by rope and the projectile is released when the rope is cut (How Stuff Work s). The ballista is fundamentally a giant crossbow and the trebuchet is similar to the catapult but is a weighted beam with a sling carrying the projectile (How Stuff Works). In this examination, we will mainly be discussing the design of the catapult and trebuchet. Catapults have been traced back to many different civilizations throughout history, but its modern origins are usually attributed to the Greeks and the ancient scientist Archimedes who designed them (Paul 58). We know that in 339 A.D. Dionysius ordered their design in Syracus (Hansen), but their history goes back even further. The first recorded interpretation of the catapult found in the Bible 2,800 years ago (Paul 58). whizz passage gives the following description of a ruler of the kingdom of Judah And i... ...nd projectile motion among others. Even though the catapult and its physics are ancient, it has changed the mode warfare is waged in the present. Works Cited Hansen, Peter V. War Engines of the Middle Ages. The chivalrous Center Seige Engines. 1998. 2 Nov. 2005 <http//www.middelaldercentret.dk/warengines.htm. Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual Physics tenth Edition. 10th ed. San Francisco Pearson Addison Wesley, 2006. How Does a Catapult Work? How Stuff Works. 2 Nov. 2005 <http//science.howstuffworks.com/question127.htm. Mechanics of a Simple Trebuchet. 2 Nov. 2005 <http//www.angelfire.com/in3/trebuchet/physics/mechanicsandoptimization.doc. Paul, Jim. Catapult Harry and I Build a Seige Weapon. New York Villard Books, 1991. 54-62. Vogel, Steven. Cats Paws and Catapults. New York, London W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1998.

Weaker Sex? :: Sports Women Feminist Papers

Weaker Sex?Psychologically, workforce are more(prenominal) explosive, inconsistent, non enduring, a nd in pain exertion - especially among soaring performance athletes - somewhat sniveling. A woman is the opposite tough, constant, enduring, level and unagitated under the pain to which her biology exposes her. On the average she is more tolerant than a man. Armed with these adforefronttages, women are in a position to do endurance feats previously considered by men to be impossible.(Noakes 598) Not numerous lark rounds exist in the world today in which women can be competitive with men. Although this is not true with legion(predicate) other things in life, it has everlastingly seemed that males dominate the sports world, no matter how hard women have tried to differentiate through this. Upon taking this class, I thought I had found such(prenominal) a sport. From quotes such as the hotshot above by Dr. Ernst van Aaken and other findings in the class text books, I developed the dissertation that Ultra Marathon Running might be just the sport for women to show their ability to best men in sports arenas that which they had previously been excluded from. As I look deeper into this statement, I realize that there are many different ideas and theories on this topic. Many women say, Yes, of course women can compete with men, while men tend to laugh at the question and inspire at even the thought. So my question remains unanswered, can women of the immoderate species compete with males? In 1971, American woman, Natalie Cullimore surprised the all male immoderate world by running a 1611 for the one hundred-mile race. Not only was she second in the race, but this was the fourth instant(prenominal) time for a male or female at this distance. She caught the circumspection of the males of the sport with her speed and helped many other women to find a pop out in this field with her determination. As womens ultra running became more frequent world wide, peop le began to take notice. Onlookers realized that the women always seemed to look more fresh at the end of a race, as if it were not as much of a struggle for them as it was for the men. This observation prompted many studies and the guess that women could beat competitive men. The first doctors to make a statement about this theory were Dr. Joan Ulloyt and Dr.

how a Christian couple would apply these beliefs in their married life :: essays research papers

A Christian couple would most likely consent their beliefs with an everlasting marriage, one that rest strong and provides a welcoming existence for a family. The family is not still an invention of society, but an institution founded by God himself. The family is Gods agency for populating the earth with pile who would recognise God and be mania by Him. It is to be formed only through a gentle vitalitylong marriage covenant amidst a man and a woman.So God created man in his own video, in the image of God created he him male and womanish created he them. And God infernal them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and refill the earth, and subdue it and have convention over the fish of the sea, and over the raspberry of the air, and over e precise life sentence thing that moveth upon the earthThe Bible is modify with teaching on the family and stories that mark of the triumph and tragedy of families. Both the overaged and New Testaments contain numer ous consultions on the roles of father, mother and children. The clear capacity of Scripture is that individuals and families suffer when lives ar not lived in accordance with Gods standards. legion(predicate) biblical tragedies are compete out in the context of families. When people fail to fulfill their square-toed functions in the family, they and their families suffer.The husband is first and initiative called by God to love his wife. So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his wife loveth himself. For no man ever til now hated his own conformation but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the nobleman the church For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bonesThe husband is to provide leadership as he models the Christian combine (beliefs and way of living) before his family. He is to reflect in his life the address and virtues of the Christian faith. This happens when he lives a life of integrity, faithfulness, and obedi ence to God. The physical, material, emotional and weird needs of the family are to be met by the husband and father to the very best of his ability. He is to provide security department and protection for his family. There is no biblical justification for not see these needs. It is his duty before God. except if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel.how a Christian couple would reach these beliefs in their married life essays research papers A Christian couple would most likely apply their beliefs with an everlasting marriage, one that stays strong and provides a welcoming foundation for a family. The family is not merely an invention of society, but an institution founded by God himself. The family is Gods agency for populating the earth with people who would love God and be loved by Him. It is to be formed exclusively through a loving lifelong marriage covenant between a man and a wom an.So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earthThe Bible is filled with teaching on the family and stories that tell of the triumph and tragedy of families. Both the Old and New Testaments contain numerous reflections on the roles of father, mother and children. The clear message of Scripture is that individuals and families suffer when lives are not lived in accordance with Gods standards. Numerous biblical tragedies are played out in the context of families. When people fail to fulfill their proper functions in the family, they and their families suffer.The husband is first and foremost called by God to love his wife. So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his wife loveth himself. For no man ever yet hated his own flesh but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bonesThe husband is to provide leadership as he models the Christian faith (beliefs and way of living) before his family. He is to reflect in his life the character and virtues of the Christian faith. This happens when he lives a life of integrity, faithfulness, and obedience to God. The physical, material, emotional and spiritual needs of the family are to be met by the husband and father to the very best of his ability. He is to provide security and protection for his family. There is no biblical justification for not meeting these needs. It is his duty before God.But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel.

Mashua :: Botany

MashuaMashua (Tropaeolum genus Tuberosum Ruiz & Pavn 1802), also known as isanu, cubio, au, ysao, or puel, is a tuber crop indigenous to the Andean highlands and is of economic value as a food and medicinal crop. This root crop ranks fourth in richness in the Andean region after potato, oca, and ulloco (NRC, 1989). Of the Andean tubers, mashua is one of the highest yielding, easiest to grow, and the near frost resistant. Mashua is cultivate in the Andes of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Columbia, and Venezuela (Gibbs et al., 1978). It is currently being grown through an experiment in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest to evaluate its potential for world(a) cultivation (Soria et al., 1998). The tubers of T. tuberosum argon an important source of food for around 9 million people living at elevations of 2500 to 4000 m throughout the Andes mountains (King and Gershoff, 1987). Mashua is an annual, nonwoody climber that belongs to the family Tropaeolaceae which includes about 100 species. Tropaeolum tuberosum is closely link to the garden Nasturtium, Tropaeolum majus L. (Vaughn and Geissler, 1997). Tropaeolum tuberosum grows to over 1-1.5 m in diameter and 0.5-0.8 m high with slender and cylindrical aerial stems. Both can and prostrate forms of mashua are known. Mashua has alternate, circular, peltate, 3- to 5-lobed leaves, and glaborous, twining stems that attach themselves to other plants by tactile petioles (NRC, 1989). The flowers are long-stalked, solitary, axial, bisexual. The color of the flowers range from dark yellow, orange, and scarlet. The fruit is a schizocarp with three indehiscent carpels that contain joined seeds lacking endosperm (NRC, 1989, Torres et al., 1992). The seeds are abundant and viable at maturity although since mashua is propagated asexually many asexual forms have arose which occasionally club seed.The tubers of Tropaeolum tuberosum are produced on axillary stolons which enlarge to form terminal, postpone tubers which are slightly r oughened from enlarge scale leaves (Sperling and King, 1990). The tubers vary in color from white to yellow with occasional variants that are purple or red. They are often striped or mottled red or purple, especially underneath the eyes. The flesh of the tuber is yellow (NRC, 1989). HistoryMashua has been cultivated since ancient times and tubers are often found in archaeological sites (NRC, 1989). Pre-Incan pictograms representing potato, ulluco, oca, and mashua have been found which show evidence the importance of these tubers even in those times (Hodge, 1946).

Mechanical design systems :: essays research papers

PROBLEM STATEMENTThe chassis is to engineer a causal agent brass to operate two extrusion rolls in diametrical directions to compress the caramel. The drive arranging consists of a flexible drive system that operates a spine gear drive, which in turn operates the extrusion rolls at equal and opposite speeds. The tycoon source to this design is a five horse power normal torque AC electric motor, in operation(p) at 1160 rpm. The system must be designed to run 24 hours per day, 3 age per week. There will be 4 whoresons is the drive system. The shaft that is being driven by the flexible drive system directly is to be called shaft A, for design reference. The extrusion rolls shafts are to be called shaft B1 and B2, for design reference. The last shaft C is in the system only to arise the direction of rotation of one of the extrusion roll shafts. The speed of shaft A is to be determined by the designer. The speed of the extrusion rolls is to be 200 rpm. When designing this dri ve system calculate all forces, support expectancies and stresses for both systems. The centerline distance from motor shaft to shaft A is to be 72 inches.2DESIGN DECISIONSWhile designing this quadruple drive system there are many decisions to be do in order to successfully design the system according to the fuss statement. The first is decision making whether to use a belt drive or a bowed stringed instrument drive one would realize that the system is operating at fairly low speed so a chain would be ideal. The next step to designing this system is to consider and break up a speed for shaft A. Factors must be considered while deciding the speed of shaft A. The factors are that the speed of shaft A should be high enough so that the speed ratio of the gears is large enough, so that the gear sizes make a large enough distance surrounded by extrusion rolls. When designing this system one would choose around 480 rpm. use the rpm out of the flexible drive one would select the s ubdue gears for the application. Which the designer will find is a difficult task considering butt on stress. When choosing the proper chain size and sprockets one will find that a number 40, 19 tooth n1 and a 45 tooth n2 are optimal agate line components and get you fairly close to the desired 480 rpm.

Technology for Primus Securities Essay -- Business Management Technolo

Technology for Primus SecuritiesSummaryThe use of technology provide be truly important in the projected growth of Primus Securities. With a multitude of technologies available, choosing the cleanse ones that maximize capability with future involution testament be a priority. Primus Securities, much like its industry brethren, E-trade Securities and Charles Schwab, is attempting to provide successful online investing via their website. employ technology, Primus has at their disposal many online products, tools, and services to choose from that would provide a unique and satisfying online investment project for its customers. Primus wishes to expand their site to accept more frequent and faster investment opportunity for customers. An incremental executing of technological infrastructure volition allow for future expansion and leave provide savings throughout future operation. In addition, this technology will provide customers a more secure and satisfying shopping experie nce and will increase their confidence level. It will be necessary to drive a large expense on infrastructure installation at the beginning of the development. This infrastructure investment along with a subsequent investment in human resources to staff it will make future expansion cheaper and easier to accomplish. Finally, outsourcing key medical prognosiss of the operation will achieve maximum cost savings.fundament The purpose of a well-designed infrastructure is to ensure that an e-business is able to run efficaciously while safely being scaled within a budget. For a company like Primus Securities, a cost effective infrastructure will be implemented remaining functional and adequate for their purposes. The important aspect of a new e-business is to add technology without disturbing business operations and aligning information systems with the organizational strategy. In this paper, Team B will examine a viable infrastructure for a new e-business gauge undertaken by Primus S ecurities. Hardware DecisionThe company needs to invest in equipment such as servers, workstations laptops, PDAs and cell phones to keep up with the competitive limit of technology. The online trading industry is a fast-paced business, where customer information must(prenominal) be readily available to all key employees. Primus Securities main bearing is to operate efficiently and effectively.Part of... ... all content is created and managed as intermit assets. These are then published to the run-time rendering system. The CM implementation includes DB2 storage, program library Server, and Asset Manager. The Schwab application uses CM versioning, workflow, ACL and its API. (Marshak, 2003)ConclusionReferencesChan, Isabelle. Dec 2004. The Other spatial relation of Outsourcing. Retrieved appalling 26, 2005 from http//asia.cnet.com/news/specialreports/0,39037117,39209632,00.htm Charles Schwab web site (http//www.schwab.com) Retrieved August 27, 2005http//searchnetworking.techtar get.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212495,00.html Retrieved August 25, 2005Marshak, D. (2003, December). Charles Schwab Responds to trade Conditions and Customer Needs Services-Oriented Architecture Improves Time to Market and Leverages Existing Investments. Retrieved August 26, 2005, fromhttp//www.306.ibm.com/software/htp/cics/library/whitepapers/Charles_Schwab.pdfsearch=schwab%20online%20infrastructure Trava Soft, (2003). Services-e-business. Retrieved August 26, 2005, from Information Technology Outsourcing network site http//www.tatvasoft.com/offshore-outsourcing-services/offshore-outsourcing-eBusiness.asp

America :: essays research papers

America, the "Revenge-Minded Nation," has created the conditions for a rising crime rate, and "invited her mickle in." Crime in America has become a multibillion dollar union for the Judicial System. The Corporation itself breeds white collar Criminals.The little man is postal code more(prenominal)(prenominal) than a tax slave who, at the cost of be revenge-minded, has bought into the problem, and not the solution. Good people in the middle are held in prisons of fear is the crime rate rises around them. Soma say, "build more prisons", "give longer destines", "make the prisoner do more of his/her sentence", "execute the nearly 3,000 men on death haggle", " care the troubled youth as adults and sentence them as such", and so forthThe truth is that you can build more prisons until half of America is locked up, and the another(prenominal) half their victims. Longer sentences are no cure-all. Time has no more power to chan ge a man than space does. Five or fifteen years really matters not, be fountain for whatever reasons a person commits a crime and is sent to prison, there is no reformation. The hostility of a prison environment that serves as little more than a warehouse to retentivity bodies in, works to harden the character of the person forced to survive in it, and when the time comes to release this person, he/she is released back into society without any rehabilitation or readjustment, made much the worse than when they were first in society. Of subscriber line the many released on parole commit further crimes. What is parole, something that has power all over a persons hardened character?"Correctional facility" is a lie. Where is the " punitory" influence in storing bodies for a period of time? Prisons are wishing units. Its sad, but because of the hostilities within the prison environment, many prisoners are deprived of ablaze stimulation, except for fear, anger and hat e. In some cases a released person leave alone even kill his victim to eliminate a threat to his choice in the world lifes events have created for him something its doubtful he could have through before his conditioning experiences with hostile prison. There are circumstances when compassionate life becomes secondary to survival, right or wrong. The teenagers sent to Vietnam and Desert rage didnt hate the so-called "enemies", but killing them was done most often as an act of fear and survival.Much could be said concerning cause and effect, but executing nearly 3,000 people on death row wont solve Americas problem with rising crime rate.

College Should Provide the Tools Needed to Live in our World Essay

College Should Provide the Tools Needed to Live in our realnessE really year, hundreds of thousand of game school students go to a touch of higher learning, be it a community college or a high standing world-renowned University. To abridge accepted to these places of higher learning, students mustiness write essays nearly topics, live with high grades in high school, have participated in special(a) curricular activities at school and other things as tumefy. These students expect to get something from these great institutions, and that is why they try so hard to get into the very better(p) universities. After attending a college or university, its graduates go away be able to think and express themselves clearly, and learn not only a skill, but also about humanities which helps us in our passing(a) life. Pupils should walk away from a place of higher learning with the capacity to think and express their thoughts. Newman lived in the nineteenth century, and was a well cogn ize Catholic priest in the British Isles who wrote an essay with the purpose of fend for the value of an education. Newman states It is the education which gives a man clear conscious get word of his own opinions and judgments, a truth in developing them, an eloquence in expressing them, and a force in urging them (49). An educated mortal should have the ability to think and reason about issues they will face in their lifetime, and decisions must be made regarding those issues. As Newman stated, the educated person will be able to look upon an issue, and arrive at a expiration based upon their clear conscious view of the possible ramifications of the issue. The learned person honed their skill to think and reason clearly at the University that they attended. Newman points out the usefulness of having schol... ...at graduated from that university will have learned how to think clearly, express themselves so they can succeed in life and their field of study, as well as have unde rstanding of their lives and existence because they have studied the humanities. The students must not only think about getting accepted to the best universities, but also about why they want to go to such(prenominal) an institution. They must realize that there is more meaning to life than sound making money and having a job, and that they will not learn that in a computer science course. Works Cited Newman, John Henry. The Idea of a University. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000, 46 49. Spayde, Jon. Learning in the tonality of Life. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000, 58 - 63.

Asian American Stereotypes in Film Essay -- essays research papers

      Asiatic Americans only make up a petite percent of the American population. Even more significant is that this percentage rest just somely on the west and east coasts of mainland United States and Hawaii loss the rest of the American population to most likely get their exposures to Asians through television and movies. However the exposure they have receive throughout the history of cinematography has been hardly flattering. Throughout the work of history Asians in ask have been pictured as evil or the "yellow scupper" as described by others. If Asians atomic number 18 not being separate as evil in this picture then they are most likely the comic relief, with their lack of coordination or grasp of the English language. With these frequent embosss in place, it gives a white American viewer a intelligence or need to destroy this Asian villain or favourable position over the comedic character portrayed in the spud.    & nbspIn the film Gung Ho filmed in the year 1986, the story is told of the plight of the people operative in the region known as the Rust Belt. The group that is the focal point of this story is the relation between Asian men in an American town and the differences they share are played out in this movie. The stumps enlisted in this movie are both that of a villainous genius and a comedic relief with some of the characters. Throughout the film it is how the clever, white operative class people of this hard working town have to deluge the maniacal working environment these Asian men have. Common separates of the Asian man lay throughout the entire course of the movie, stereotypes that have been portrayed by the film industry of Asian men since its inception.     The main stereotype in this movie is that Asian men only care about their jobs and their careers and little else. That the Asian man will go through corking sacrifice to get to the top of the busines s that they work for. From beginning to end, umpteen white families are portrayed in the movie showing that the American people have family values. Yet absent through the whole course of the picture is any Asian man with his family. This signifies that the Asian group does not have time, nor wants to make time to have a family life because they are trying to succeed in business. The Asian boss in the film wanted the results to his li... ...en in this film have any strong mannish qualities. They cannot take charge, they are easily intimidated, and they are never assertive with their beliefs and restrictions large the impression to the movie viewers that Asian Americans are docile beings and Asian Americans are obstacles easily overcame.     Overall, the object of this movie is to entertain the audience session at home watching it, laughing at the mishaps and situations that happen along the way. The question is, however, at whos expense does the laughter come ? Perpetuating this stereotype only goes to further damage the way Asian Americans are seen by the American public. Also during the time the movie was being made, the yen and the horse were in competition over which had more value. This movie in a subtle way suggests that American workers can overtake any adversity, plot of land the Asian cast is lucky to have such determined Americans to attend to them out of their problems. The movie serves to inspire Americans by relying on a stereotype of Asians to show that Asian are weak and Americans are strong, and that they can overcome any challenge they rally behind.     

Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Change

b solely-shaped warmGlobal Warming, aside from pollution is one of scientists biggest concerns. Global Warming is caused by the babys room rear. There are 4 steps in the Greenhouse effect process. The first is, tempe positionness radiates from the sun, through space, to the lands atmosphere. The second is, sunlight enters the atmosphere and hits the Earth. Some of that sunlight turns into heat energy in the spend a penny of infrared light. Surrounding air and land, which in turn makes the heat warm, absorbs the heat. Third, the greenhouse gases trap infrared rays that is remitted into the atmosphere. Finally, the gas then absorbs the light and is remitted back to the Earths surface and warms it even more. Another cause of Global Warming is the emissions of greenhouse gases due to the increase in technology that humans deplete developed.One recent study by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on mood Change) said that unless governments do something to restrict the emissions o f greenhouse gases to a lower level, global temperatures could rise 1.6 to 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. This would represent the fastest rate of global warming since the end of the last ice age more than 10,000 years ago. With the increased warming of the Earth it could lead to catastrophic events that could queer living species on our planet. One event is major drought all around the world. With the warming of the planet, the water on the ground would quickly fly causing the rivers and lakes to qui...

Sentimental and Humorous Speech by the Father of the Bride

Sen mntal and Humorous Speech by the Father of the BrideLadies and gentlemen, it is my very attractive duty to welcome you here this evening to this special occasion of celebrating this marriage. Im accredited that you will each agree on how radiant and gorgeous the bride is. moreover the groom is not too bad himself.I k promptly that several(prenominal) of you have traveled quite a distance to be with us here tonight, from both overseas and interstate. We really thank you and welcome you here tonight and hope that you really do enjoy yourselves accordingly. We are all very sad that the brides grandfather is not here with us tonight. We all miss him, but I?m sure he is watching down on us and is very proud and happy for her.? When they stood at the altar earlier today and she spoke those magic speech ?I do?, I had cause to reflect that its one of the few time in her life shes agreed to do something without question. Dont get me wrong, my daughter was wonderful and obedien t as a child - with a bit of prompting.As a child she was full of life, effervescence, fun and joy and was just so bubbly she made friends with everyone. During her teen years, both at school and at University, she had a wonderful time, being the first person to gain the trace of getting her degree with no study at all. However she worked unvoiced for her degree, and we congratulate her for it.Then her Thespian Knight in Shining fit in the form of the groom came along. I didnt doubt her choice at all, as Victor Hugo once said, Men have sight, women have insight.? forthwith the groom is a very vertical actor, but with a middling Puckish sense of humor. At first we thought him a particular shy, retiring and rather reluctant to talk with us, but we were victims of... ... bride she is, and the sight of them climax together as such a lovely couple makes the backbreaking work and planning that has gone into this day worthwhile.As I read this, I see that my daughter has gro wn up, left home, and is now married. When I look back over the years, I realize how little time you really do have with your children..A philosopher once said Treasure the love you suck up above all. It will survive long after your gold and good health have gone.? We wish you all the happiness and prosperity in the world, and I am glad to welcome the groom and his family into our family.In conclusion, I hope that none of you will go home thinking the words of Groucho Marks Ive had a wonderful time, but this wasnt it. And so I would now ask you to raise your glasses and join me in a tope to the future health and happiness of the union of the bride and groom.

Huck Finn Morality :: essays research papers

In The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn, author Mark Twain uses huckaback to demonstrate how one&8217s conscience is an aspect of everyday life. The decisions we pull out are based on what our conscience tells us which can tinge us the right way or the wrong way. Huck&8217s deformed conscience leads him the wrong way early on in the chapters, moreover eventu entirelyy in later chapters his phone mind sets in to guild him the rest of the way until his friend Tom Sawyer shows up. lodge believes that knuckle downs should be treated as property Huck&8217s sound mind tells him that Jim is a person, a friend, and not property. Society does not tick off with that thought, which also tampers with Huck&8217s mind telling him that he is wrong. though Huck does not realize that his own instinct are more(prenominal) moral than those of society, Huck chooses to follow his inborn sense of right sooner of following society&8217s rules. In chapter 16, Huck goes through a moral confli ct of whether he should turn Jim in or not. &8220I was paddling off, all in a sweat to tell on him but when he says this, it seemed to kind of take the tuck all out of me (89). right off from the beginning, Huck wanted to turn Jim in because it was against society&8217s rules to help a slave escape and Huck knew it. But when Jim tell that &8220Huck you&8217s de bes&8217 fren&8217 Jim&8217s ever had en you&8217s de totally fren&8217 ole Jim&8217s got now (89), made helped Huck to grasp the concept that in that respect is a friendship in the making. Even though Huck didn&8217t turn Jim in, he is till troubled by his conscience when the slave catchers were leaving because he knows it is wrong to help a slave. Still Huck cannot bring himself forward to tell on Jim, thus showing that his innate sense of right exceeds that of society. Huck finds out that all of the bad things he did are coming back to haunt him. In chapter 31 when Jim gets change for forty dollars, Huck realizes that &8220here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in the face and letting me know my wickedness was being watched all the clipping whilst from up there in heaven. It also scared Huck because all this karma, what comes around goes around, was happening to him.

Intercultural Communication and Acculturation :: globalization, misunderstanding

Communication within iodine culture give the gate often be difficult, convoluted and firmness of purpose in many misunderstanding, this process can be significantly exacerbated however when communicators argon from different cultures. With the world becoming little day by day due to globalization and cultures converging from e precise last(predicate) corners of the globe, communication and culture as we know it has drastic completelyy evolved and become very complex. Examples of this can be seen right here as commonwealth from all over the world immigrate to America. Throughout history as people from around the globe made America their naked as a jaybird home they fork out had to address and overcome the looming issues of inter pagan communication and acculturation. According to Webster.com acculturation means cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from a nonher(prenominal) culture also a merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact (Webster..). Beyond having to learn a new spoken communication which is difficult enough but through the process of acculturation they postulate to learn social values, norms, rules that very often is entirely different that that of their inborn culture. In order to successfully thrive and survive people cave in had to master a language while navigating through a rules of order that often looks, behaves, sounds and fundamentally believes differently than they themselves do. Making this process even much difficult is always the prevailing desire to hold true to indigenous customs values and traditions which may not be accepted exert in the new society. For example in America we believe in and exercise freedom of religion however in a preponderantly Christian society practicing other faiths such as Muslim of Buddhism may prove more confined and contained than in ones home land where the majority practices their religion. Further examples of this point may stem to the work place where women are treated equally and their ideas and opinions are accepted and sought after but in other nations women are treated as second break up citizens and therefore have no voice in public environments. These instances can require with child(p) adjustment on the part of individuals who may not be familiar with American customs and treatment of women in the study or otherwise. Also the inability to find adequate words from a native tongue may pose a problem and great frustration if there is no literal translation in the new language. Although acculturation does not require complete assimilation and abandonment of ones beliefs or culture it does require embracing and adopting practices of the new culture.