Human Life :: essays research papers

The beliefs and views of modern society are hypocritical and unjust. By the time an individual matures from a young child to an adult, they have been taught an uncountable number of animation les boys. One of the outstanding lessons that each and every person has learned is that killing another human being is wrong. This is perhaps the first recognizable lesson on the appreciate of human life. Most children know that killing is against the law and learn religiously that it goes against all religious morals and beliefs, yet society is bombarded by violence chance(a) in the media and in real life. To daylight, the value of human life can be questioned, especially that of the young. Through numerous examples of child murder and abortion it is sooner obvious that the lives of the unborn or newly born are not valued to the degree that they should be. In most cases, the young are not recognize as "people" and are robbed of their human rights and freedoms. Young lives, both bor n and unborn, are seen as more of a commodity these days, than as precious, magical miracles.In the media today there are ridiculous numbers of reports pertaining to accidents, shootings and robberies-these are just a few examples of unjust acts that are occurring everyday. There is also a surprise amount of coverage approximately parents accidentally, or on the other hand, brutally murdering their kids. Parents are supposed to be loving and supporting caregivers, they have a gigantic influence over everything a child can possibly say or do. It is hard to believe that some parents would actually take their childrens lives into their hands. of late in the news there have been accounts of a mother poisoning her son to a father taking a knife and slashing his sons throat. These are all cases where the parent in charge has taken advantage of their control. Each helpless child is defenseless in these situations. In many another(prenominal) cases, children have become victims of a pa rents mental instability. In one case a mother claims to have been "suffering form delusions about hell when she took the life of her twenty month old child." In the end this woman was found not criminally responsible because "she had apparently been suffering from psychosis the day of the drowning." She was then committed to a psychiatric hospital. This seems to be common place today, and there is no justice done for the young slain victims.

Marijuana: The Science and The Law Essay -- Illicit Drugs

Marijuana was first discovered in China in 4000 BC, and was use to introduce ropes. It was grown for hemp, and the hemp fiber was twisted to make the rope. In 3000 BC, marijuana was first smoke. Then it began to be used as a medicine in China for the treatment of malaria, beriberi, constipation, rheumatic pain, and absent-mindedness. Furthermore, in ancient India, they used it to relieve headaches, whooping-cough, prolong life, improve judgment, lower fevers, induce sleep, cure dysentery, and control dandruff (Think quest, n.d). Marijuana as well as known as pot, weed, and ganja is reported by the Office of National medicates Control Policy as the most widely used illicit medicine in the United says. Although, people view the drug as harmless, the use of marijuana has adverse health, safety, social, academic, economic, and behavioral consequences. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (formerly called the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse), 95 million Americans age 12 and older have tried marijuana at least once (The office of the Drugs Control Policy, n.d). According to the natural York City Health Department, marijuana is the most common illegal drug used by nearly 730,000 New Yorkers (12%) annually. The use is highest among 18- to 25-year-olds (30%). Since 2004, the rate of emergency department visits from the use of marijuana is reported to have more than doubled to 173 marijuana-related visits for every 100,000 New Yorkers in 2007 (New York City Department of Health and Hygiene 2010). Marijuana is extracted from the flowers and leaves of the hemp plant, which is dried and shredded. The scientific name for marijuana is cannabis. This plant can grow in nearly any environment. The average rate of growth is one to tw... ...ealth and Hygiene (2010). Illicit drugs in New York City. Retrieved from http//www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/survey/survey-2009drugod.pdfNew York State DOH (2012). New York State health commissioner warns against thedanger of synthetic marijuana. Retrieved fromhttp//www.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2012/2012-03-23_dangers_of_synthetic_marijiana.htmRandom Facts (2012). Marijuana. Retrieved fromhttp//facts.random muniment.com/2009/02/27_marijuana.htmlScott, E.M. (2010). Marijuana decriminalization. Retrieved fromhttp//www.cga.ct.gov/2010/rpt/2010-R-0204.htm The Office of the Drugs Control Policy (n.d). Marijuana. Retrieved fromhttps//www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/marijuana_myths_facts.pdfThinkquest Education Foundation (n.d). The history of marijuana. Retrieved fromhttp//library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01474/history.htm

Smoking: One Light Can Be One Less Breathe Essay -- Social Issues, Add

Smoking One Light Can Be One Less Breathe As a aggroup of young girls were swinging swiftly on the swings in the park, they no longer smelled the fresh air, but the smell of cigarette smoke. When they looked up they realized a young man had walked by with a cigarette in hand. He was walking down the sidewalk puffing away on his cigarette, paying no attention to the young girls playing on the playground. Little does he know, by making the choice to smoke a cigarette, he is signifi shagtly harming himself and all the multitude around him who pay back chosen not to take part in smoking. He does not know and understand the effects smoking can have on a persons body. at that place are multiple health risks he takes by simply choosing to light and smoke a cigarette. When he realizes the problems cigarettes can cause, he will want to quit and find different ways to help him. Obviously, there are endless amounts of different solutions to the habit of smoking. As soon as this man reali zes what he is doing to himself, those little girls, and every single else surrounding him, he will certainly want to get help. As the National genus Cancer set notes, Secondhand smoke causes disease and premature death in nonsmoking adults and children (2). This is a piece of information he would learn at a support group meeting, which is one way to quit. Another way he can get rid of the habit is to use nicotine replacement therapy, which would be a nicotine patch and gum. There are also behavioral and motivational therapies a person has as an option to take into consideration. On the other hand, there is also hypnosis someone can perform to help get rid of the habit. As proved, there are numerous ways to quit. On the contrary, with quitting this addictive habit, people ... ...otine patch and gum. Some smokers do not think these work well so they may want to try the other methods previously mentioned, such as, hypnosis or motivational and behavioral therapies. only when there is no doubt about it that quitting is the best possible solution for smoking. There are great health risks smokers are taking when lighting that one cigarette. However, they can take actions to stop that. It is just a matter of wanting to make yourself healthy again. Smokers also need to think of the others around them. The National Cancer Institute claims, Secondhand smoke causes disease and premature death in nonsmoking adults and children (2). Smoking can cause death to others around the person smoking. They do not have a choice to be around smoke sometimes. Because they do not have an option, smokers need to make their choice to quit smoking originally killing someone.

Student Democratic Party Platform Essay -- Political Science Politics

PreambleAs we look back upon the 20th Century we see the birth of American prominence. The century is tag with glorious American achievements ranging from the birth of the Space Age to the development of the Information Age. Now, as we venture through the new millennium, the potential of further American prosperity is enormous. At times this journey will be a perilous quest, but with valiant leadership this nation shall flourish. Only the popular Party is fain to guide America towards this future. Under the watchful guidance of President Bill Clinton and the Democratic Party, America is finally moving in the right direction. In 1996, we, the Democratic Party, adopted and enacted a platform that has reinvigorated the American spirit of opportunity, responsibility, and community within our national character. Along with the hard work and determination of the American prevalent this nation has achieved an unprecedented level of prosperity. Currently, the American economy is on a rec ord setting pace that is continuously strengthening our economic security. The level of unemployment in America is at a record low. Almost every able-body American is on the job working towards their American dream, and we, the Democratic Party, will not be satisfied until everyone can enjoy their American dream.Through Democratic leadership the quality of life in America has vastly improved. Americas program line system is improving, the environment is cleaner, families are wellnessier, and our streets are safer. Today, any American can claim that their lives are better off than they were 8 long time ago.All across America the success of the Democratic Party platform can be seen. But we want much. The Democratic Party is determined to giv... ... first two years of college are free at any State or City University. This will result in a stronger economy and nation because as a whole society, we are strengthening the knowledge of our youth. A substantial amount of Americans are wi thout health insurance. We propose tax credits for small businesses that provide health insurance, retirement benefits, and employment and internships to students. We also propose that tax credits be given to businesses that practice clean air and environmental safety. We believe that our youth is a key concern of the nation and we need to set certain measures to make them feel safe and secure as Americans. A measure that we feel that postulate to be taken is to raise taxes on such products as cigarettes and guns. The Democratic Party believes in helping American families economically and socially through more equitable tax benefits.

The Hardest Challenge I Ever Faced :: essays research papers

The Hardest Challenge I Have Ever FacedI have meet with more than my share of difficult challenges. This one will remain with me always, occasionally playing over in my mind when I behavior at my son. It was April of 1993, the eve of Easter Sunday my pip-squeakren and I were coloring Easter eggs in anticipation of the big hunt the following morning. The kids were excited and having a blast, especially my three-and-a-half- year old son Joey. With the eggs freshly colored and carrots left out for the Easter Bunny, I put my children to bed, prepared the Easter baskets and retired myself. What happened the adjoining morning would change not only my perspective, but also my entire life. As Easter morning arrived, I arose to discover that Joey was still sleeping, unusual for a three-year-old. When I tried to wake him, he said his O.K. was hurting and he did not want to get up. I waited a little while, went back into his room and once again had a hard time arousing him. This time I ask ed him to stand up for me in an attempt to figure out what was bothering him. He must have been in tremendous pain when he tried to stand he was unsteady, his little legs were shaking much like that of a fright puppy. It was time to take him to the emergency room. Something was terribly wrong.We arrived at the emergency room only to find several people already there. Joey was begging me to do something to stop the pain in his back we waited and waited and waited. Finally, in total anger and despair I set out to find someone to help. The doctor came over, examined him and asked me several questions it was slow becoming apparent to me that this doctor did not have any answers. Meanwhile I was growing more concerned about the unknown what was wrong with my child? The doctor, obviously puzzled by the situation, decided to run a CBC (complete blood count). This took what felt like an eternity, suddenly the doctor became somewhat evasive, almost secretive. I was exasperated, determined to find out what was wrong with Joeys lab report. I inched my way over behind the curtain, so I could overhear bits and pieces of the doctors conversation. They were discussing things like a low hemoglobin count and a high white blood cell count, then I heard it, the most ruin word I have ever heard a doctor say-Leukemia.

The Hardest Challenge I Ever Faced :: essays research papers

The Hardest Challenge I Have Ever FacedI squander meet with more than my share of difficult challenges. This one will remain with me always, occasionally playing over in my mind when I look at my son. It was April of 1993, the eve of Easter Sunday my children and I were coloring Easter eggs in anticipation of the big hunt the following break of the day. The kids were excited and having a blast, peculiarly my three-and-a-half- year old son Joey. With the eggs freshly colored and carrots left out for the Easter Bunny, I put my children to bed, prepared the Easter baskets and retired myself. What happened the next morning would change not only my perspective, but also my entire life. As Easter morning arrived, I arose to discover that Joey was still sleeping, unusual for a three-year-old. When I tried to wake him, he said his back was hurting and he did not want to get up. I waited a little while, went back into his elbow room and once again had a hard clock time arousing him. Thi s time I asked him to stand up for me in an attempt to figure out what was bothering him. He must(prenominal) have been in tremendous bother when he tried to stand he was unsteady, his little legs were shaking much the likes of that of a frightened puppy. It was time to take him to the emergency room. Something was terribly wrong.We arrived at the emergency room only to find several people already there. Joey was begging me to do something to stop the pain in his back we waited and waited and waited. Finally, in total anger and despair I set out to find someone to help. The doctor came over, examined him and asked me several questions it was slowly comely apparent to me that this doctor did not have any answers. Meanwhile I was growing more concerned about the unknown what was wrong with my child? The doctor, plain puzzled by the situation, decided to run a CBC (complete blood count). This took what felt like an eternity, suddenly the doctor became somewhat evasive, almost secret ive. I was exasperated, laid to find out what was wrong with Joeys lab report. I inched my way over behind the curtain, so I could overhear bits and pieces of the doctors conversation. They were discussing things like a low hemoglobin count and a high white blood cell count, then I heard it, the most devastating news I have ever heard a doctor say-Leukemia.

Flare Case

Subject come out Fragrance Recommendation Background Flare was founded in 1955 as a small manufacturer of womens fragrances. over a period of time, Flare has dominated the fragrance market, gen whileting 9. 5% of the total womens fragrance market and had grown in to a No. 4 player in the U. S womens fragrances market. Flare has released 6 brands in the market namely Loveliest, Awash, Summit, Essential, Swept Away and subjective. Economic crisis has impacted Flares market share. Sales in 2007 were 12% and by 2008, the estimate was only 2% growth.Flares goal for 2009 was to generate $7. 5 million in additive revenue and reverse declining gross revenue trend. Recommendation Flare should promote natural with loveliest umbrella in 18-34 years era range and expand its efforts in the do drugs store channel. Rationale 1. graphic fits Flares portfolio, both financially and strategically. Promoting born(p) with loveliest umbrella will benefit Flare to meet its target sales numbers for 2009. Loveliest brand was introduced in 1975 and it still holds a strong equity in the market.It is positioned as a classic scent in the older age multitude. These customers will serve as evangelist and contribute to the promotion of raw(a) brand. As a result of the focus group sessions (ex 5), Projected sales for 2008 for Natural is $9. 1MM(ex 1). Based on forecasted numbers in table1, expected sales for 2009 could be $10. 15MM. Keeping the same communication budget from 2008 of 2. 7 MM to Natural in 2009 (exhibit 4), the expected revenue from Natural would be around 7. 45MM (table 2). 2.Natural is a recent launch under the loveliest umbrella and it is reaching slightly younger demographic, who are flavor for the environmentally safer products or so called green product (page 2). Natural is streamly positioned as a chic brand in the younger age group (ex 3). 18-34 year age group women are highly brand aware with sensitivity to premium and prestige brands and word of mouth is inf luential for this age group(ex 5). Promoting Natural in the slightly younger age group will benefit Flares overall sales. 3.Arlmonts review of current recession era (page3), shows that mid-tier and premium brands will be increasingly available in the mass channels. Market development strategy can be used to expand Natural in the drug store. As a result of the focus group sessions (ex 5), 20% of customers shop at the drug store. Flares sales at the drug store do not mirror overall market and there is a potential for expansion in that space. Drug store manacles have evolved over time and some of them also have high end features like on-site aestheticians to assist shoppers in selecting a particular brand.With the current economic conditions, customer with 18-34 yrs age group would get directed to the drug stores in search of cheaper prices. Placing free samples of Natural in the drug stores and Natural testers in the point of purchase will generate trial. Based on the information fro m table 3, after increasing the % allocation in drug store for Natural from 0. 5% to 2. 5% in (ex 1), the flare factory sales for 2009 will increase from 9. 1MM to 11. 3 MM. Additional 1. 15 MM can be worn out(p) on promotional budget for point of sale samples, expected revenue from natural can be 7. 45MM. Risk 1.Drugstores would typically sell only Flares highest turnover items, which might damage Flares relationship with other retail accounts. 2. It can be difficult to position Natural in the 18-34 age group with the loveliest umbrella as women in this age group can perceive loveliest as a classic brand. carry over 1 Natural brand Sales forecast 2006 2007 2008 2009 7 Not available 9. 1 10. 15 2009 sales figures are forecasted based on the % sales increase from 2006 to 2009. Table 2 Natural brand 2009 expected factory sales(MM) 10. 15 2009 communication budget(MM) 2. 7 Incremental revenue 7. 45 Table3

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management

Purchasing and Supply Chain focussing Assessment 1 Nessas Bar cut through Course Code BS1D75 Student Number 08154619, 09046100, 09030883, 09046577, 09047735 Contents Page 1. 1. 1 Problem Poor scheme on Purchasing and Supply.. 1. 1. 2 result Poor Organisation. 1. 2. 1 Problem Purchasing Policy Procedures. 1. 2. 1 Solutions Purchasing Policy Procedures 1. 3. 1 Problem Poor Management. 1. 3. 2Solution Poor Management.. 1. 4. 1 Problem Costs/ Expenses. 1. 4. 2 Solution Costs/ Expenses.. 2. 0 Recommendations.. 3. 0 Conclusion. 4. 0 References. 5. 0 Bibliograpgy 1. 1. 1 Problem Poor Organisation on Purchasing and Supply The business suffers from poor scheme in the purchase of supplies. The purchasing of goods and services for the business persona is known as Procurement. in that location are three managers who all participate in the purchase of items each person purchases items they think necessary often leading to double orders or items non being bought at all.There are several suppliers apply some of which deliver while another(prenominal)s operate a cash and carry policy, causing partners to use their own transport. Although several suppliers are utilised, the lack of regular custom by the partnership causes lack of interest by the suppliers and so the company misses out on priority service and possibly loyalty bonuses some sequences offered by these outlets designed to encourage repeat custom. Webster and wind (1972) Are concerned with sellers being aware of what buyers may be doing but also it should be important that buyers are aware of what seller are likely to do.A signifi stubt amount of caudex is use due to the haphazard means of stock control. The company likes to fuck off a well filled freezer to protect against low stock levels or unavailability of items, which in turn ties up capital unnecessarily. 1. 1. 1Solution Poor Organisation A resolution to this trouble could be the hiring of a trained buyer who would control purchase s do by the company. The advantage of this would be a single buyer would not order double quantities and excessive or unnecessary stock would not be purchased.As a result stock control would be easier to manage. Organised purchasing would help to keep stock levels steady and unnecessary goods would not be stock piled, thereby releasing capital allowing money to be used efficiently and cost legally. Hiring an expert may seem expensive but could continue significant amounts of money and time. Possibly one of the managers could reserve part in a purchase training courseme to gain the skills as they already ask inside understanding of the company and how it is run. This would prove cost efficient and save money on outsourcing.To solve the problem, the organisation could hire trained buyers to take everywhere the three managers buying work. The advantages of hiring experts on buying stock for the organisation are that when there is only one person managing the buying, stock would be clearer and overlapping or lack of stock would be avoided. This could release the capital as stock would be more organised and money would be used more efficiently. However, hiring experts might be expensive and would be costly efficient for the organisation.In this case one of the managers could go on purchasing training program to gain skills in terms of buying, meaning the company will have a buying expert, who also knows the business well, and the company will not be wasting capital on hiring an external expert. 1. 2. 1Problem Purchasing Policy Procedures The company experiences problems with paper work not matching the goods purchased. This has resulted in some suppliers banning the buyers from their insane asylum and refusing credit facilities as payment may have been overlooked or invoices mislaid and no payment being processed.The reputation of the company has been spoiled as non payment of invoices has caused it to be branded untrustworthy, subsequently it is not give n priority as a respected business would be. Some suppliers expect cash on receipt of goods and this can cause a cash flow problem. Negative word of mouth may be passed around trade fairs or gore meetings, which will have a negative impact on suppliers considering entering in to business with Nessas Bar. 1. 2. 2Solutions Purchasing Policy Procedures A solution to this problem could be a change in the purchasing procedure of the company. In a mechanistic structure, authority is centralised at the summit of the managerial hierarchy and vertical authority is use to control human and material resources. Mechanistic structures operate most rough-and-readyly in stable environments. (Lysons, P158) A way structure needs to be established in which everyone understands their role within the company. Also a system for dealing with paperwork needs to be organised so that a good relationship can be developed mingled with the company and its suppliers. 1. 3. 1Problem Poor ManagementThe com pany wastes a great deal of time on low value goods. Security is very expensive but necessary. The bar employs its own cleaning staff and purchase cleaning materials as involve but these disappear from the stockroom as there is no inventory method in place to control the use of these items. All members of staff have access to the stockroom and as there is no organisation there is no stock checking system. This ultimately leads to confusion with the buying of items as the company is unconscious of the exact inventory of goods available for use and what needs to be purchased. . 3. 2Solution Poor Management To solve the problem, the organisation could introduce VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) VMI is a collaborative strategy between a customer and supplier to optimize the availability of products at a minimal cost to the two companies. (Baily, P 181) Suppliers take responsibility for managing the stock which is eternally monitored and updated. (Baily, P181) Time could so be utilis ed on other jobs rather than being spent on low value goods.This could be a problem as the supplier then controls the stock rather than the company, but any shortfalls would again become the responsibility of the company. Acronyms for VMI include CRP (continuous replenishment programs), SAIM (supplier-assisted inventory management), SAIR (supplier-assisted inventory replenishment), ECR (efficient consumer response). (Lysons, P357) The organisation could outsource cleaning and security to professional companies as they would be more skilled and knowledgeable than the staff in the organisation. Outsourcing as The strategic use of alfresco resources to perform activities traditionally handled by internal staff and resources. (Baily, P115) It can be considered that outsourcing both cleaning and security could be expensive and there is no contract as to the standards of the work carried out, but the training of staff to carry out these services could cost even more. By outsourcing th e less important work more time would become available to be spent on core business operations.However there are disadvantages to outsourcing as Lacity and Hirscheim point out that the employee assimilation is too fragmented or hostile for the organisation to come back together (Lysons, P402). The employees from the outsourcing company might have a strong employee culture or different work ethics and find it difficult to fit into the working environment of Nessas Bar. 1. 4. 1 Problem Costs/ Expenses The majority of expense face by the company are rent, staff wages, beverages, food and other consumables. The bar spends approximately ? 00k per annum on beverages with a further ? 60k being spent on foods and other consumables. 1. 4. 2 Solution Costs/ Expenses A possible solution to these problems would be the reduction of staff employed at the business. Should cleaning and security be outsourced then the staff currently employed to carry out these tasks are no longer required and c ould be laid off. Well managed stock would save the company money as would developing a better relationship with suppliers who might offer discounts on goods and better delivery services. requiring production when, and not before, a customer requires something, and the pursuit and elimination of waste in production and associated planning and purchasing (Baily, P177) JIT can keep the stock level to be low in the organisation, which can prevent unnecessary capital to be stuck as stock. The utilisation of a VMI system for stock control could prove to be more cost effective for the company as the supplier takes responsibility for stock management. Suppliers have more experience of this kind of system and would ensure the smooth running of the stockroom.The company would take higher levels of service as less time would be spent on low value goods and as there would be less stock wastage the company would achieve improved revenue. (Baily, P182) 2. 0 Recommendations 3. 0 Conclusion Curre ntly there are problems with Nessas bar as it operates on an inefficient and disorganized system. Basic errors including order duplication, failing to pay suppliers, wasting time on low value goods, and a lack of purchasing knowledge has resulted in a loss of money, time and stock.Also the non payment of invoices has given the company a bad reputation with suppliers. The company could hire a professional buyer who specialises in purchasing goods thereby eradicating the possibility of mistakes being made when goods are ordered. Time would be saved by orders not being duplicated, items overstocked, or wasted on low value goods. If this is not a viable economic option then one of the three managers could be trained to assume the role and take on the responsibility for these tasks.One person would then make decisions, an advantage would be that they already have a working knowledge of the company and they are also known to the other managers from the outset. A centralised approach with just one national supplier would make purchasing easier and more cost effective for the company as they will reduce the amount of paperwork by receiving one invoice rather than several. This will assist ease of stock control and management. 4. 0 Reference Baily P. Purchasing Principles and Management, Financial Times/Pitman Publishing (Tenth edition) Lysons K. 2000) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management (5th Edition), Financial Times/Pitman Publishing Webster F and Wind Y (1972) Organisational buying behaviour, Prentice Hall, New York. American Marketing Association. (1995). Market research. Available http//dis. shef. ac. uk/sheila/marketing/research. htm. Last accessed 28. Febuary 2010. R. Srinivasan. (1988). imperfection Accounting-An Emerging Concept. Available www. londonmba. org/ /Brand%20Accounting-An%20Emerging%20Concept_by%20R. %20Srinivasan. doc. Last accessed 1 March 2010. 5. 0 Bibliography Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. (2000) Principles of Marketing (9th edition) Prentice Hall.

The Structural Frame for Merck & Co., Inc.

In 1994, Merck & Co., Inc. hired Ray Gilmore as CEO to help survive the turmoil of the pharmaceutical industry. Gilmore followed a structural frame capitalize on the strong technical tradition of Merck & Co., Inc. who attained a powerful scientific engine.While Vagelos acted as CEO, Merck maintained a strong structure frame finished the domination of the corporations senior Research and Development (R&D) scientists with strong support from play along CEO. When Gilmartin became Mercks CEO, he replaced the two executive vice president positions with a larger forethought Committee (MC). MC was directed to improve the companys demarcation processes to build cross-functional skills rather than restructure company organization. Gilmartin expressed his structural frame through the redefinition of employees roles and relations to give up the company of its functional and divisional barriers.Gilmartins structural face could besides be seen in his creation of Worldwide Business Strategy Teams (WBSTs) to expand individual managers thinking, prep and actions beyond existing functional areas. The teams were composed of members from all different functional divisions of the company.Gilmartins structural frame activities improved Mercks planning and resource allocation through cross-functional business processes.The Human Resource Frame for Merck & Co., Inc.The human resource frame is evident in Merck tradition of high ethical standards since many of the company employees had a higher(prenominal) purpose to save lives. The company CEO proclaimed We try never to forget that medicine is for the people. It is not the profits. The profits follow, and if we have remembered that, they never failed to appear.1 The company also maintained a cultural image in parallel with its academic image. Company scientists and clinicians were addressed as Doctor.Gilmartin created his symbolic frame by interviewing employees across the company about their views on major issues facing Merck . He cleared the confusion and ambiguity concerning the lack of strategic thinking and clear vision. He further compound employee communication by the initiation of a comprehensive internal review of the issues facing the company by interviewing 800 employees across Mercks functional areas.Gilmartin activities of human resource created a very positive view of Mercks strategy among company employees. One manager said We have a clear direction now. Employees made much attainment on management and leadership development.Stakeholders of rofecoxibA estimate of stakeholders were involved in the Vioxx medicine recalling incident of Merck & Co., Inc. in 2004. Internal stakeholders were Merck & Co., Inc. Company employees and Merck & Co., Inc. company shareholders. External stakeholders were the patients who took the medicine, and the United States Health Department.Negative Impact of the recall of the Vioxx drug to StockholdersThe Merck & Co., Inc. stock was considered dead money in 2004 in expectation to the number of lawsuits filed against the company over safety concerns of the drug. If Merck & Co., Inc. loses the cases, it faces a potentially huge cost from the reimbursements to patients as well as payments for ongoing medical monitoring of people who took Vioxx.The recalling of Vioxx caused an annual decrease income of $2.5 billion. Following the of the announcement of the recall, investors dumped Merck & Co., Inc. shares causing a 30% decrease to reach the lowest closing price in more than eight years. The recall would cut the $1.52 annual dividend and shave at least 50 cents a share, or 16%, off the $3.14 share analysts expected the company to crystallize in 2004.Recommendation to Mitigate the Recall of VioxxMerck & Co., Inc. should seek the intersection and marketing of innovative products to increase its sales in response to the decrease caused by the recall of Vioxx. In an attempt to improve its public image and ethical stance, Merck & Co., Inc. should relieve some of its senior management who might have been responsible for production of Vioxx. The within punishment of its own top management would convince the public of the commitment to higher ethical standards. 1 George W. Merck, the son of the companys U.S. founder quoted in Merck Sharp & Dohame, A brief history, Merck & Co., Inc,. 1992, p. 18.

Federalism in the Philippines Essay

A pleasant morning to everyone, I am, AB Political Science. I am here in front of you to discuss about the hold dear and importance of education. First of all, what is education? As far as I am concern, education is the delivery of knowledge, skills and information from teachers to students, inadequate to capture what is authoritatively key about being and becoming educated. The proper definition is basically the process of becoming an educated person, but that begs the question of what counts as an educated person. Being an educated person means you have access to optimal states of mind regardless of the situation you are in. You are able to perceive accurately, believe clearly and twist effectively to achieve self-selected goals and aspirations. Therefore, education is the process of mapping your experiences and finding a variety of reliable routes to optimal states of mind when you find yourself in non-optimal states.But, what was the problem bottom of the inning in regards of education in our country? The first thing that comes up in my mind was the mentality that we Filipinos posses and also the corruption as well in our country. First, let me give you my short perspective about the corruption in country. As a senior Political Science student here in Adamson University, I was able to know about how our government runs and also the process and purposes on each and every department in our country. In our country in that respect are three main branches of the government such as the Executive segment, Legislative Department, and the Judiciary Department. In every department in our government in that location are their own agencies, organizations, departments, or bureaus that help to execute and implement the rules and regulations that our government possesses.This agencies or organizations are known as the Quasi-department or also known as the four department of our government. As far as I know each department of our government was their own way of c orruption. The biggest budget that our government has is the Department of Education but sad to say that this department is also the one of the agencies or organizations that has severe corruption in our country. The best say that I lot tell you is the Public Schools that our country has, look at the public school in our country especially in the urban areas and you will see the evidence lack of chairs for the young students, low salaries for the teachers, and very old equipments for teaching and this all caused to poor standards of teaching and learning.In this connection, I am strongly believe that we should non all blame this failure to our government. The duty of our government is to protect us, maintain our economic progress, and give us due process of law that I think our government failed to implement and execute. But, like I said earlier we Filipinos has also our own mistakes and wrong mentality the Bahalana mentality that one of the reason why many of our country men did not prosper in their life. People should think twice or much better more than twice, before they acts or square off things.The problem of our generation today is that, some of the students did not really know the real value and importance of education. Some of them adopt the Bahalana mentality they rather lease to destroy their life instead of going to school and have a better future. Some of the students now a day did not really knew the real obligation of a true student. Some of them tend to go to the computer shops and play online games or worst going to bar and get drunk and glom the money that their parents gave them. I am not speaking in front of you all as representative of the conservative people but rather a victim of this tremendous crime. So, I am strongly encouraging all of the students to change their bad hobbies into a responsible students and also a responsible citizen of our country. convey you.

Archimedes Principle

Applications of Archimedes Principle 1. Submarine A fighter has a large ballast tank, which is used to control its position and depth from the surface of the sea. A submarine submerges by letting water into the ballast tank so that its clog becomes greater than the buoyant force (and vice versa). It vaunts by reducing water in the ballast tank. -thus its weight is less than the buoyant force. 2. Hot-air wallow The atmosphere is filled with air that exerts buoyant force on any object.A hot air blow up rises and floats due to the buoyant force (when the surrounding air is greater than its weight). It descends when the balloon weight is more than the buoyant force. It becomes stationary when the weight = buoyant force. The weight of the Hot-air balloon can be controlled by varying the quantity of hot air in the balloon. 3. Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument to measure the relative tightness of liquids. It consists of a tube with a bulb at one end.Lead shots are placed in the bulb to weigh it down and enable the hydrometer to float vertically in the liquid. In a liquid of lesser density, a greater volume of liquid must be displaced for the buoyant force to liken to the weight of the hydrometer so it sinks lower. Hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density. Density is measured in the unit of g cm-3. 4. institutionalize A ship floats on the surface of the sea because the volume of water displaced by the ship is enough to have a weight equal to the weight of the ship.A ship is constucted in a way so that the shape is hollow, to make the overall density of the ship lesser than the sea water. Therefore, the buoyant force playacting on the ship is large enough to support its weight. The density of sea water varies with location. The PLIMSOLL LINE marked on the body of the ship acts as a guideline to ensure that the ship is loaded within the safety limit. A ship submerge lower in fresh water as fresh water density is lesser than sea water. Ships w ill float higher in cold water as cold water has a relatively higher density than warm water.

Manage Continous Organisational Improvement Essay

AbstractThe sector of healthc be is vital for living that no one whitethorn deny. The advancement of engine room has been a bring up in disguise for human health. Times atomic number 18 gone when muckle used to wait in coherent queues to get watchfulness from the doctors and paramedical staff. The governments of the domain were also responsible to non properly utilising the healthc are setup. In many parts of the world, it was still deemed as forbidden until the advent of twenty-first Century.Manage Continuous Organisational ImprovementINTRODUCTIONThe sector of healthcare is vital for living that no one whitethorn deny. The advancement of technology has been a blessing in disguise for human health. Times are gone when mint used to wait in long queues to get attention fromthe doctors and paramedical staff. The governments of the world were also responsible to not properly utilising the healthcare setup. In many parts of the world, it was still deemed as forbidden until the ad vent of 21st Century (Alison 2012).sermonChange focal point is something totally(prenominal)one thrives upon be it a business or medical science. For effective progress in any field of study, what matters the most is a nearly laid out and proper action plan. For example in business arena, gaining momentum is important in terms of financial aspects. For it one who is interested in business must be familiar with implementing a business plan to the suitcap adequate to(p) effect. The first and the foremost aspect is how much investment would be involve for the project to be undertaken.Every country encourages ideas and the best way to be known for this purpose is to bring out something creative. In any aspect of profession, grooming plays a vital division as well as vigilance. In totally most all the line of work, there is quest for budgeting, staffing along with opposite strategizing options.In the context of globalization and global economy, depart management becomes evide nt when we find that companies are overlooking the global parameters of a business where reassign is constant. In the context of this castrate, outsourcing is global strategic alliance that fosters a winning international strategy.The carrying out of the policy of health is a complex topic that incorporates conceptual models. It is all about the guiding principles, rules, and regulations that lead to operational strategies. There are several one must be familiar with in order to accomplish open healthcare policy. To understand it, the cognition with health policy or governmental law is important. These also comprise of subprogram of funding along with decisions taken at decentralised or national level. These widely effect upon how to deliver such(prenominal) services (Alison 2012).The contemporary healthcare concept incorporates state from various fields colligate to medical technology including surgical equipment and medications. Access to evidence from medical and health r esearch as well as latest information is also include in spite of appearance. The area of healthcare is notably one of the few areas which is blessed by heavy spending of the governments and the individuals alike.Alternatively the individual with less income is forced to pay a higher co pay and deductible for a lesser amount of coverage (Alison 2012).SCENARIOYou slang recently taken on the role of change charabanc in an presidency. The organisation has decided to introduce the concept of continuous organisational improvement and you have been asked to lead this development. Before embarking on this work you decide that it is necessary for you to bump off some detailed thinking in a number of key areas.In carrying out this assignment you should either use an organisation you have or currently work for. You must know this organisation well at a strategic level. Alternatively you should use the case study material provided. first off you lead to give careful take onation of how a culture of continuous organisational improvement pull up stakes be created.The carry out of change is inevitable in every organisation and NHS is no different. Mr. violet has been appointed as a bracing Change Manager for NHS and is a dedicated individual who knows how to run things for the benefit of the organisation. He has been working in many prestigious organisations and and so he is also familiar with psychology of team working alongside him.Mr. munificent knows that all employees of NHS will need his active support to get the job done. For this purpose, involvement of staff and planning at early stage are a key to accepted advantage to bring the process of change. It must also be noted that the policies to bring change must not oppose organisational policies such as redundancy, reorganization and redeployment (Elizabeth 2012).Before progressing any further, it is important that people within NHS must have idea of what change is all about. There are many types of changes including the ones instigated from ideas within NHS whereas some come from beyond the organisation. Other ideas include temporary and permanent ones all working for benefit of the organisation (Elizabeth 2012).Since NHS is a complicated organisation so many changes within are not clearly defined. In a typical organisational change model, new ways of working, unfamiliar team structures, processes and procedure are encompassed. Speaking individually, changes made at staff level raise bring out pessimism, optimism, motivation, energy, enthusiasm and excitement to apprehension, anxiety, challenge, resistance, ambiguity and dread on variousinstances. The fear within the staff is due to the concerns over new management and workload as well as job security and pensions. Thus various emotions locoweed come into play and leads to distraction from development and provision of service. The staffs of NHS are ready to deal with anxiety which whitethorn be due to anticipating change.S urely, it will take Mr. magnificent to get to know about the employees and the old standards that have been the hall mark of success for NHS. However, these techniques of the past wont last long and thus change in the system is mandatory. Thus it is important to introduce such techniques that are part and parcel of modern font day mechanism (Gallouj & Djellal 2011).Mr. empurpled knows what is the main fountain of downfall of organizations i.e. those who are not willing to manage or identify change in human components. He has been performing his services as a freelance consultant for last 10 years. He suggests that the involvement of the individuals working within the organisation is necessary so that the way of thinking and behaviour may be altered. Now this may seem to be easier said than done as it requires thorough practice, time and motivation.The change in behaviour may not be easily measurable or achievable since the elements of humans are unable to get attention they requi re. As a line manager, it is the duty of Mr. Regal to lead from the front to identify and manage such human elements. NHS must also bear in mind that the change of initiatives must not go beyond the desired capacity. If it happens, the key resources required may twine uncontrollable. The extra workload must be shared by senior support and managers harmonize to the resources and plan of action (Gallouj & Djellal 2011).Before starting anything, what matters the most is planning same is with organisational change. It is never easy for people to accept what comes within that change process. They find it onerous to adjust or absorb to change and also for the management, it is not an easy task. They may have to face various chemical reactions to it including temporary reductions in performance measurements and activity. For this purpose, a proper timetable must be provided which may give the employees enough time to get ready. This may also produce the shock desired by Mr. Regal and the new management of NHS (Karen, dungaree & Gretl 2012).CLARIFICATION/RATIONALEThe second step is to what the outcomes of it may be the Clarification/Rationale. For this, it is important that the management is familiar with measurable outcomes. Mr. Regal and his team managing all must have a comprehensive vision that may lead NHS to new developments. The staff may get affected by the change being implemented.COMMUNICATION & INVOLVEMENTMr. Regal knows that in order to have proper implementation of plans, the doctors, nurses as well as other workers in NHS must have confidence. For this purpose, it is necessary that they must have recognition of benefits and responsibilities, acceptance, understanding, will, interest, andawareness. This could still be achieved if proper strategy regarding effective communication and involvement is drawn (Karen, Jean & Gretl 2012).It is important that all the stake holders of NHS must be taken in confidence before the implementation of policy. The comm unication between the both parties is vital to upset a break through. Ineffective communication may result in difference of opinion. Thus by implementing proper communication skills, effective involvement can be ensured.RISK ASSESSMENTMr. Regal suggests that implementing the process of change within NHS may be easier said than done provided that proper planning is implemented. Nevertheless with a process of change also comes the feeling of fear from within such as negative reactions, doubt, change in working and location. This is something that must be assessed at the earliest and must be done by a competent team. They are the individual who look to safeguard the interests of working assemblages specially the vulnerable people who may get impacted by the change. For this purpose, an implementation plan must be designed according to the time frame of change (Karen, Jean & Gretl 2012).monitorMonitoring within the organisation is necessary to know about the activities the employees a re engaged in. This also depends on what type of change is being implemented within the organisation. In many organisations the best way to get feedback is to drive use of various perspectives. The best form of monitoring can be done on the priming of complaints, facts, reports, opinion, outputs, behaviour and levels of error.It is not necessary for techniques of monitoring to be elaborate but they must be appropriate and timely. Despite of its effectiveness, it may be considered as violation of privacy matters of the employees. Many organisations invent use of various tools including the audio monitors and cameras. The employees too may enjoy various benefits of monitoringincluding the safety measures. Many organisations including the hospitals and banks put on use of close circuit television systems (CCTV) to monitor for safety.ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNINGMr. Regal is of opinion that NHS must implement organisational learning which facilitates room for improvement. He explains that only those organisations that are willing to learn from their mistakes and ready to transform succeed. This phase of learning may not necessarily be a beneficial one. There force be a possibility that any individual within NHS may learn but not share with his team mates. Similarly, the subordinates in NHS may not be share the information learnt due to its policies.In order for NHS to become a learning organisation, it is important that it is ready to change, learn and adapt. In at onces competitive marketplace, an organisation maintaining its position in rapid changing environment is a tough ask. Everyday constant developments are being made thus providing corporations to transform into learning organisation. Mr. Regal believes that NHS has a capability to provide platform for learning. This may be stored in the minds of the people as well as the organisational storehouse in form of written documents, policies and procedures. If NHS successfully transforms itself as a learning or ganisation, it may widen the prospects by creating practices (Neil, & Jo 2013).In order for NHS to prosper according to the modern phenomenon of change, it is important that it must learn from experience directly as well as others. The organisation may directly learn from experience by working on procedures of incremental refinement. Mr. Regal explains that it is natural for an organisation like NHS to be faced with number of obstacles including the lack of learning orientation. This is one of the most important of all the barriers in any organisation.These may be further classified into three types environmental, individual/group and organisational. In order for NHS to progress, thepeople within the working group must have an active mind. The barriers of learning within an organisation include management practices and corporate culture. Besides that concern from external stake holder, industries, and public policy results in external barriers.EMBEDDING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGEMr. Rega l suggests that NHS must act according to the standards of modern day organisation. Like others, it must introduce initiatives of change on a regular basis perhaps on multiple levels too. Mr. Regal emphasises that proper process of research needs to be implemented on total quality management. This in turn will build cultures of compliance and health.As an organisation NHS has always worked on phenomenon of high quality care for all. Today, many leading organisations throughout the world are focusing on system of the organisation and system health at the same time. These are linked with a promise that quality work today may pave way for tomorrows high-quality work. The hallmark of a healthy organisation is that they embed culture promoting strife, trust and openness. They achieve it on the basis of learning and improvement process.In almost all the organisations, there are often contradictory aspects hidden. In NHS, the precedence is the measurement of higher outcomes such as popul ation health. The founding principle of NHS has always been high quality care for all (HQCfA). The main point of focus is how this may be achieved emphatically. For this purpose the priority of work is done is patient and population which is deemed as weakest link.WHAT IS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT?Quality improvement is something that every organisation must thrive upon. There are various approaches and definitions and may be more fruitful than the other one. In medical practice, the purpose of quality improvement is to look for ways to provide best(p) services and care. Mr. Regal says that change management may only be effective if the team performs as a singleunit.Quality Improvement is a team process at its core. When the circumstances are right the team perform according to different perspectives, knowledge, skills and experience. This helps in bringing out improvements that last long and is beneficial for the entire team as one unit. In order for the program to be successful, it is important that the top leadership as well as the employee support the process of change. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed for the process of Quality Improvement. This helps for improvement of safety, effectiveness and efficiency.NHS has always thrived on leadership and engagement for improvement. Every organisation has a room for improvement in one way or another. Same is with NHS as assessed by Mr. Regal along with his management team. As a matter of fact changes needed in NHS include changes made on a drastic level. Change management is a process of transition from current to new mode.It is important for the individuals to be ready for the change. The first and the foremost step, is focusing on the ability of leadership. Mr. Regal must act as a role model for other employees within NHS to follow. He must set an example that becomes cornerstone of the organisation. He must implement rules and regulations that maybe followed in the long run.As a leader, he must avoid using thought process that creates separation in form of perks. Mr. Regal knows that talking to people working in the organisation on policy matter will restore their trust on him. Also he may be able to know about the problems faced by the employees and solve them individually. Two other aspects that matters the most are passion and genuineness.IDENTIFIES AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENTIn order to bring change within NHS, each working group must know what role they need to play. They must realise importance of their role in the process and consider it as a historical one. As a supreme command, it is the duty of Mr. Regal to communicate with each and everyone involved in the process. Those who have concerns regarding the change need to be addressed at the earliest. In order to bring down frustration, Mr. Regal must keep in mind the six phases that reflect the reaction of the people affected by the change.IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED CHANGESANTICIPATION Many of the employees are anxious what the change may be and how will have an impact on them. Such employees are unable to know what it has for or against them and dont know what to expect.CONFRONTATION This is the stage where people discover that something good or magnanimous is going to happen. Many times they are able to figure out that the plan of change has already been initiated.REALIZATION The third phase is of realisation where the impact of the change is in front of the people. The results will always be different as realised by the people.DEPRESSION Besides being intellectual people begin to know the outcome of the change that makes them emotional. They begin to mourn on the past but cant do anything about it leading to distort and depression.ACCEPTANCE In this phase, people begin to acknowledge the process of change both emotionally and intellectually. In any organisational setup, people at first have some reservation but seeing the benefits may change their opinion. Nevertheless, there is no reassurance to it.ENLIGHTENMENT In this last phase, people begin to wonder how they were able to manage the old ways while this change has turned out to be more fruitful to them.EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE ORGANISATIONAL ACTIVITIESBringing change management and to make it work effectively is not a piece of cake for anyone. A consultant like Mr. Regal too will require time to coax employees working within NHS. For this purpose, it is important that why to bring out the best service from the organisation the world has ever seen.It is important that the management and the staff both support one another for the accomplishment of the goals desired. As a unit both of the organisation stake holders need to understand the importance of the decision. The plan is to make NHS sustainable and best value organisation for the benefit of the people.This model of Change in NHS vows for the improvement collectively in terms of experience and knowledge. This process may also take into account former employees of NHS who had a history of quality services within the organisation.Since its birth, the organisation of NHS has worked for the benefit of humanity. Today it stands tall as the largest organisation of Europe dedicated to provide detailed healthcare services at minimal or low rate. Mr. Regal hopes with his new change policy, the organisation may become the largest healthcare organisation in the entire world. However, for that purpose, proper mechanism of work needs to be intend. The day when NHS was born, it comprised of more or less 14 regional hospital boards. Today it is also known to be the extensive employer of the nation (Nigel 2011).CHANGES REQUIRED INTRODUCING IMPROVEMENTS TO THE ORGANISATIONAL ACTIVITIESNHS may benefit a lot from change process by introducing improvements to the activities of the organisation. In aiming for continuous improvement, NHS must market what they work for i.e. healthcare services. Mr. Regal emphasises that proper planning leads all the way to success for organisations initiating change.Despite this change process being beneficial to the organisation like NHS,but there are certain things that may turn against if the management isnt prepared. These challenges may be because of not creating ample room for improvements,slower adoption, work surroundings, resistance and ultimately not creating the necessary improvements for the organization. If in future NHS further aims to make itself better by bringing in new concepts, they must know how to manage and operate it effectively (Nigel 2011).To begin with changes need to be done must be planned first but implemented gradually. This may help in bringing helpful change to one and all. The employees must be taken into confidence for the implementation of policy and thus building awareness is important. Inform the employees, inviting them to be the part of change process. Make an announcement and publish it via intranet besides informing the employees by concussion them. It is also important to mention the date and time of the process to take effect. Involve in all the employees of the company so that documentation scheduling or minutes of meeting can be carried out (Nigel 2011).It is important to satisfy the employees that the change that is going to happen is for betterment of the organisation. Those who have questions or concerns related to it need to be satisfied. The employees are mainly concerned with how the policy change may affect them. For this purpose, it is important for Mr. Regal to remain calm and patient and address the concomitant effectively. In order for the assistance of the employees, he must provide documentation for the changes going to happen within NHS. Write step by step instruction manual things required for the completion of expected process. To help out the employees of NHS, he must offer practice and training programs so that they may learn about the new procedures.It is not necessary to implement changes overnight it may require slow but progressive steps towards the change. The best way is to make changes one at a time. It may help the employees to learn about new procedures before moving to next step. Feedback from the staff involved is also important as comments, suggestions, ideas or concerns may help to move to the nextmilestone. This may also help the employees getting closer to Mr. Regal and they may understand process in utmost better way. Also it is his responsibility what employees have to say about the possible changes in the procedure. Do appreciate where credit is due when any employee comes up with adapted alternative or suggestion. Mr. Regal must be open to all the employees of NHS and thus answer any questions that emerge in their minds.In case of success motivate employees by giving them appreciation through barbecues or pizza parties. This helps to bridge the gap between the management and the employees. The engagement of variety of people such as user groups, as clinicians, adm inistrative staff and patients is also helpful for the improvement of the services. This way conflicts within an organisation may also be avoided. equate AND COMMUNICATE THE PROPOSED CHANGES WITH STAKEHOLDERSBefore approaching the stake holders Mr. Regal and team has to go through thorough research. The best way of it is to accompany with the group of experts having good networks. Their role will be to conduct brain storming sessions to the people and groups associated. Make a list of the changes associated with NHS and record it on laptop or flipchart.On finalising the names in the list, then the stakeholders must be arranged according to affect, power and influence. There are 9Cs in healthcare service are Competitors, Commissioners, Customers, Collaborators, Contributors, Channels, Commentators, Consumers, and Champions.CONCLUSIONChange management is essential part of business and so do healthcare industry. Both of them rely upon the use of technology, organisational structure, ma nagement systems and processes. A hierarchy of organisation includes the bureaucratic processes and filament of command. For this purpose approval with the management is considered mandatory. Thus the roles of employees and leaders are well defined one has to obey the order while theother has to command.ReferencesAlison, Hann (2012) Health policy and Politics Ashgate Publishing, Ltd ISBN 140949120X, 9781409491200 pp 150-151.Elizabeth, McCormick (2012) Change for the Better Self-Help through Practical Psychotherapy SAGE ISBN 144626808X, 9781446268087 pp 300-301.Gallouj & Djellal (2011) The Handbook of Innovation and Services A Multi-disciplinary Perspective Elgar Original Reference serial publication Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 1849803307, 9781849803304 750-751.Karen, Luker, Jean, Orr & Gretl, A. McHugh (2012) Health Visiting A Rediscovery John Wiley & Sons ISBN 1444335812, 9781444335811 pp 230-231.Neil, Gopee & Jo, Galloway (2013) Leadership and Management in Healthcare SAGE ISBN 1446294862, 9781446294864 pp 250-251.Nigel, Crisp (2011) 24 Hours to Save the NHS The Chief executive directors Account of Reform 2000 to 2006 Oxford University Press ISBN 0199639957, 9780199639953 pp 200-201.

Historical and Personal Background of the Divine Comedy Essay

This essay is to accompany betwixt Fortune and prudence Astrology and the Universe in Dantes Divine Comedy. What follows is the overview and timeline I wish I had when I first started reading the Divine Comedy. Many commentaries of the Divine Comedy give background historical information, usually consisting of a general introduction and brief explanations when ad hoc characters and events take after up within the poem. present I willing proceed sequentially, beginning centuries before Dantes birth and concluding in the year of his death. When I first mention a historical person whose character appears in the Divine Comedy, the name will be in bold, followed by page references from Between Fortune and Providence. Because this section gives an overview specific to the Divine Comedy, Italy and the city-states of northern Italy, especially Florence, is our focus.This essay is partly organized according to the modern astrological practice that uses cycles of the modern planets Uran us, Neptune, and Pluto. When relevant, we will look at outer planet configurations when they form conjunctions, opening squares, oppositions, and closing squares that correspond to New, First Quarter, and Full, and Third Quarter Moons. Since many readers of Between Fortune and Providence are astrologers or are interested in modern astrology, this will be useful for them. Those who are not astrologers can pass over this material.Heres a preliminary summary of some the interacting themes of Church, politics, and economics that provide some background for the Divine Comedy. Religion Understanding the medieval Church takes a special leap of the imagination. The Church had a dominant role in organizing and giving cohesiveness to Europe over a very long time. yet the Church had its ups and downs, politically and spiritually. Because of its wealth and political power, the Church was also vulnerable to being abducted by strong secular rulers, and this is the case throughout the medieval er a. In this essay we first encounter the Church as largely controlled by secular authorities, but reform movements were afoot that would help give it greater liberty and spiritual authority over time. As the Church grew stronger, however, it would become more than empire than religion and at times was unbelievably worldly.Over the centuries the papacy sometimes inaugurated some attempts to reform the Church. There were also reform movements from the monastic side. Other Church reform2 movements, like the orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans, began with charismatic leaders. There were also some failed attempts that have come down to us as heresies. Two centuries after Dantes death, one heretical preacher, Martin Luther, would help launch the Protestant Reformation.Politics In Dantes lifetime, the Italian peninsula was comprised of many autonomous and economically diverse regions. In the south were the vulnerable but cosmopolitan kingdoms of Sicily and Naples. The central region was governed by the Pope. In the wealthier and more urbanised north, including Florence, there were many independent and prosperous city-states that were frequently at war with each other and with the larger political entities around them. Beginning around the time of Dantes birth, the Holy roman Empire was a loose confederation of warring German princes and their territories that were governed by an Emperor at least in theory. In the centuries before Dante, the Holy Roman Empire was more dominant in Italian affairs.Just before and during the poets lifetime, however, the French monarchy had become a study player in European affairs. Dante resented this greatly. He was nostalgic for a renewed Roman Empire, but the reality was the perpetually disappointing contemporary Holy Roman Empire. Dante did not know that Europes future day would favor not empires but nations like France, England, and Spain.Economics The monetary and banking systems of Dantes world would be more familiar to us than its religious and political institutions. Unlike the more rural and feudal Europe to its north and west, northern Italy contained commercial and banking institutions similar to ours. Italy benefited from its proximity to study trade routes and, with the Crusades, more traffic that moved back and forth across the Mediterranean. Toward Dantes lifetime, Florence was a prosperous banking center and was also known for its textile industry. Dante loathed the commercialization of Florence and northern Italy in general. Yet this commercial activity would help bankroll Italys greatest eras in the centuries to come. In short, Dantes conceptions of the flow of history into the future turned out to be completely wrong. He longed for a renewal of times that would never return.

Child development Essay

WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?Body Changes1. The study of human ripening is a science beca intent it depends on theories, data, analysis, critical thinking, and sound methodology just like every other science. 2. The five steps of the scientific method are1) begin with curiosity2) develop a hypothesis3) test the hypothesis4) die conclusions5) report the results.3. The research on SIDS illustrates the replication and application of the science of child development by repeating the study and using different participants from other cultures. 4. Known birth order did not egress other factors can increase the risk-sleeping position mattered-back sleeping reduced SIDSUnknown if its genetics. wherefore it still occurs5. Nature refers to the influence of the genes that people inherit. Nurture refers to environmental influences, beginning with the health and diet of the conceptuss mother and continuing lifelong, including family, school, culture, and society.Brain Development6.7. Exaggeration of human sex differences is distortions that developmentalists assay to avoid. People tend to notice differences and jump to conclusion that something important is lacking. 8.9.10. People from several groupings can appoint a culture because it is a system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations and symbolic representations that persist over time it is a powerful social construction. 11. The term race has been used to categorize people on the basis of material differences, particularly outward appearance. The term ethnic groups are people whose ancestors were born in the same neighborhood and who often share a language, culture, and religion. 12. SES reflects family income, but not income al atomic number 53. The education and occupation of the head of the household, or of some(prenominal) parents, and sometimes the average education or income of the other residents of the neighborhood, also used to determine SES.Improved aim Skills13.14.15. The implied vie w of human development is an ongoing, ever changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influence. The crucial understanding is that development is never static but is al authoritys affected by, and affects, many systems of development.Injuries and Abuse16. It is more accurate to aim the system of development rather than each part in isolation because just like the way the natural world changes over time, the human growth follows diverse patterns and paces.17. Bronfenbrenner emphasize in his ecological systems move up that develop mentalists must consider all the systems that surround each someone, just as a natural scientist examines the ecology of each organism, considering the interrelationships between it and its environment. 18. All persons born within a few years of one another are said to be the same cohort. Members of each cohort are affected by the values, events, technologies, and culture of their era.19. The biosocial development includes all the growth and change that occur in a persons body and the genetic, nutritional, and healthfactors that affect that growth and change. The cognitive development includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment. The psychosocial development includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills.20. Scientific notification requires researchers to record behavior systematically and objectively, using behavioral definitions and timed data. The experiment is the research method that scientists use to establish cause.21. Experimenters use a control group as well as an experimental group to find out whether an independent variable affects the dependent variable.22. Using independent and dependent variables make it easier to watch what causes what because the researcher can conclude how the independent variable caused whatever changes occurred in the dependent variable. 23.24.25.

English Is Important for Our Daily Life Essay

As we all know, side of meat is the one of important lyric in this world. If we cannot speak side even a little bit, we are called as a very poor in this community. We also cannot improve our bread and butter if we worst in English. We will feel loser if we in the group that occasion English as a medium to speak. According to the research that have been made by the group of University Malay, 70% of undergraduate student especially Malay student are not use English as a medium to speak. Its show that most of the student do not want to use English as a main language in their spirit. People always said that we must use our country language so that it indicate we love our country. The statement is not fault but we also must learn English for our future life such as to find a job, to hap with foreigner, easy to understand if we find information through online and easy for student to survive in university life because most of the university in Malaysia use English as a medium to spe ak.One of the reason wherefore we must learn English in our daily life is English is important to get a job. In this era, many people are jobless even though they have a degree. It is because they do not have a soft skill. Even though we got the best result in examination but we cannot speak in English, it is hard for us to find a job. Example is, if we want to arrive at with a whale company such as Petronas, Sime Darby, Schlumberger and etc we need to face many do. One of the process is interview. Interview is one of the important process for us to face if we want to work with a giant company. Many giant company have a francais at the other country. So, they use international language that is English as a medium to communicate among the others. Therefore, they must do an interview in English to find an employee. If we have a soft skill like can speak fluently in English, the company will not hesitate to take us as one of their employee.

Analysis Vission and Mission of Coca-Cola Essay

In general, Coca-cola hatful guides all members to understand what the company does, how it is done, and who it is done for also keeps the employees focused on the realistic goals of the firm, customers, investors, and other rail line partners.An effective vision should consists of two component which the first one is a cognitive component which focuses on outcomes and how the best to achieve it, and the second component is affective component which will helps to motivate people and bring in their commitment toward it( Boal and Hooijberg 2001).Base on Coca-cola vision statement show that they apply the affective component which increase motivation and commitment among their employees, customers and business partners. The six Ps of Coca-cola vision which is People,, Portfolio, Partners, Planet, Profit and Productivity is the rule of thumb to increase motivation and commitment. These six Ps also clearly mention the desirable coming(prenominal) target for each component internally and externally of the firm, which is among people (employees), portfolio (product), partners (customers and suppliers), planet (moral obligation), profit and productivity. These visions also contest all to participate and reach the organization goals. As a superb vision, the internal (organizational beliefs and values) as fountainhead as external (shared understanding of the market environment) needs to be aligned.Besides, the Coca-cola vision statement also focuses on how the organizational members relate to the vision and shared each others. People Be a great repose to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs. Partners Nurture a winning net profit of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit Maximiz e long-term return to shareowners while world mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organizationThis is a good sample of vision statement because its not too specific and realistic to achieve by all their members. This vision statement also encourages all members to participate in achieve the vision.

Communication in the Workplace

conference is a live process in organizations and companies in to sidereal days solid ground. It has been defined as an activity that entails transmitting culture through interexchange of views or substances by behavior, signals, writing, visuals, and speech. The process of conversation requires a sender, the message to be sent, and a receiver. However, it is authorisation for the receiver to be aw argon of the senders intention to occur. This means that a sender privy be adequate to glide by with a receiver across vast distances (Wilson 2010).Norm each(prenominal)y, the communication the process is slay after it is compute come out of the closet that the receiver understood the message as intended by the sender. Communicative customarys is integral to stiff communication between communicating parties. Effective communication is non only un keep down equal inside an organization but excessively when dealing with impertinent s sufferholders. It enables organizati on to achieve competitive boundary line considering the occurrence that it through it that an organization remains responsive to consumer fates (J sensations & George 2007). On the contrary, poor communication disrupts nigh everything in an organization.There are a number of barricades to legal communication (Huczynski & Buchanan 2010). This paper intends to highlight the barriers and how triple organizations ( maestro Sports, Bernard Mathews, and NHS practice Hospital) study been able to contend the barriers to construe in force(p) communication. Barriers to Effective Communication Barriers to communication are factors that qualification hinder effective communication between parties in the workplace. According to Antony and MacVicar (2011), this implys language barriers, heathen barriers, organizational barriers, personal barriers, and interpersonal barriers.Other barriers to effective communication include discipline applied science and power. Professional sport s organizations in Greece, Bernard Mathews, and NHS trust hospital posture had to deal with at least of the barriers. The three nonplus employed antithetical strategies to deal with them hence their continued success (Mullins 2005). NHS Trust Hospital Poor communication has hindered hospitals to serve customers in the desired manner. There are a number of factors that have contributed to the problem. According to Smith and P endon (1996), the nature of jobs kill by doctors and nurses has contributed to poor communication.Nurses and doctors jobs are in most cases stressful leading to their informal communication among them. It is to a fault common to check practitioners being less polite when addressing one some other. Lack of understanding of one anothers role and knowl bump into has as well as contributed to the poor communication in NHS hospital (Smith & Preston 1996). Gender differences have also been a barrier to effective communication with stereotypes being the main c ause. Men practitioners seem to have less respect for female practitioners hence conflicts in communication.Research has shown that professionalism and status is also a major cause of poor communication in NHS hospital. More experienced nurses and doctors seemed to have fewer problems in building relationships and communicating effectively. This is as compared to less experienced doctors and nurses who experience a lot of problems communicating. Members of the same group in the hospital also discover it easy to communicate. Smith and Preston (1996) argues that this ostensibly because of similar language, sense of belonging, and similar training.NHS has attempt to deal with the barriers through the application of a number of strategies. For instance, it has tried to create good relationships among practitioners. This has been done to turn back they are able to communicate with one another with ease. It has also employed training and teaching communication programs to enhance to encourage good communication among practitioners. It is clear that nurses and doctors in the organization have found it unwaveringly to get along with one another as a result of different training (Smith & Preston 1996).It has also been suggested that the organization should implement good communication frames to aid practitioners in communication. The world has been experiencing technological advancements on a daily basis. The hospital adopts to capitalize on this to be able to improve communications (Smith & Preston 1996). Bernard Mathews Farms Bernard Mathews Farms is also one of the organizations that have suffered as a result of poor or ineffective communication. Noise has been one of the major barriers to the organizations effective communication. Specifically, the organization was regarded by the noise created by the media.To be more precise, press articles published negative information about the Bernard Mathews that led to the public have a negative attitude towards it . On the other hand, the organization failed to communicate to its stakeholders or respond to the allegation in a timely to be able to set the record straight. In the essence, this left the public disoriented on the matter leading to the organization losing its credibility. This also led to the fraternity losing a competitive edge on the market. Employees were also demotivated seeing their beau mondes name being tarnished in the media.As a result, it necessitated the need for the management to come up with strong strategies on how to enhance communication with its stakeholders (Bernard Matthews 2011). The comp every was commit to improving its communication not only with internal stakeholders but also external ones. Internal stakeholders include directors, managers, and employees. The company has been able to communicate effectively with its internal stakeholders through the production of multilingual weekly newssheet to all employees. This has been done to ensure employees are headspring aware of what is happening in the organization.The same information is made available on its intranet site. Employees send word also log in to be able to annoy new information. Similarly, the company also provides conducts face to face meeting aimed at informing managers on the gird of the company as well as new initiatives (Bernard Matthews 2011). The company has also employed different strategies to be able to communicate with external stakeholders. This includes customers, regulatory bodies, suppliers, the community, and the government. Essentially, the company was committed to winning back the trust of its stakeholders to start the market. nonpareil way through which this was achieved is advertising. The company has been able to use the television to advertise its products to ensure they stick in the minds of its customers. It has also made a follow to ascertain the impact of the advertisements. It is through this strategy that the company is able to explain to its customers the benefits of consuming its products. Ultimately, this also gives it the opportunity to address the negative publicity as it is able to inform stakeholders on what is really happening (Bernard Matthews 2011).Social media and the internet has also been used by the company to be able to reach out to its stakeholders. For example, the company has four websites that serve different audiences. This includes a collective website, consumer sites, Foodservice site, and a campaigning site. It has been able to use the same to market its products as well as oblige its new initiatives known to stakeholders. The company has also used the media and public relations to communicate circuitously with its consumers (Bernard Matthews 2011).Professional Sport. Professional sport organizations have also faced many barriers that impede effective communication. Specifically, coaches have found it gnarled to communicate effectively with their players during games. This target be attribu ted to them having limited time. Coaches find it hard to communicate with players as a result of the limited time they might have to transmit instructions. They have tried their best to handle the same. However, limited time remains a great obstacle (Athanasios 2005). Language has also created a barrier to effective communication in the company.Professional sports teams are normally composed of players from different countries. As such, coaches might find it problematic to communicate with them. Ability of perception and attitude also hinder effective communication. It is common knowledge that players might decode messages differently hence some whitethorn not be able to get the right information. The negative attitude among players has also created a great barrier to communication considering the fact this affects communication not only to their superiors but also other players (Athanasios 2005).There are also external factors that have hindered communication in professional sports in Canada. External factors are those that are not at once related to the players or their coach but dormant affect communication. For example, spectators, sports officials, and opponents also act as barriers to effective communications. This discount be attributed to the noise they make during sports events (Athanasios 2005). Coaches try to ensure effective communication by enquire their players to be calm and remain focused.They also try to minimize the negative influence created by out of doors factors. Coaches have also dealt with the problem of languages through naturalization of players. Equally, they have also ensured that their messages are short and clear to ensure every single perceives or understands them in the desired manner. Team cohesion, fatigue, and team environment affect their attitude towards one another. Coaches have tried to deal with this through ensuring team members have enough rest and spend more time with one another (Athanasios 2005).Conclusion Com munication is very essential for organizations. It is strident for the management in different organizations to ensure effective communication for better performances. There are a number of barriers that hinder effective communication including personal barriers, language barriers, physical barriers, and gender barriers. Professional Sports, Bernard Mathews, and NHS trust Hospital have faced some of these barriers and have tried their level best to handle them to ensure their success.Communication in the piece of workCommunication and its many assets are very great. In order to be successful in anything we need to have effective communication. Although effective communication is very important in right aways world we will have issues with ineffective communication, also known as barriers. To communicate you need to have a sender, receiver and a message. It is important to relay any message with accuracy, with errors we whence begin to have barriers create ineffective communicat ion. Technology is another factor that rat be right-hand but needs to be used properly.In my organization we use autocratic, democratic, paternalistic and laissez-faire. We are all about rights as well as delegating things to the appropriate parties. In my opinion having a confederacy of all management dashs is important and makes it easier when you need to adjust to the different situations. Every situation and work day (involving who you work with) can be different. You make need to be more of a laissez-faire or paternalistic manager when you work with someone who needs direction at work.In my work induction we share knowledge and anything we need, well through emails, verbally and our communication keep which in our communication book you can find a lot of different information with dates, times, descriptions, etc. The more through we are the more homogeneously we have communicated effectively even though the receiver or receivers may not be at that place. To communicate effectively there are five main techniques that can help you to improve. primary off there is cogitate when you brain storm you are just throwing ideas out there in order to get any ideas together.There are also workplace tours which can also be known as a form of training. By doing tours you can allow others to see how another spectrum does things and control how to improve or find new ways of doing things. Stakeholder surveys and stakeholder meetings are ways of getting groups together to buckle under more ideas. Put but there is the expression two heads is better than one. Lastly there is formal suggestion system which in turns means you are workings together to figure out what these ideas mean and if they will have any value to what you need currently.Even though we have effective communication you are still going to have ineffective communication. This can be a vicissitude of things. The first one which can cause a vast variety of issues is our main demographics like age , cultural background, race, gender and language. There is also noise barriers which can cause you to miss-understand or interpret your sender (person bountiful message) wrong. You could also be ignoring separate of the message you will be receiving and only hearing the parts you would like to hear.Communication through technology has many of these same factors. Technology can be both effective and ineffective with all of its aspects. initiatory we have speed which with online communication and cell phones you receive the date just about instantly. Accessibility in directlys world with the internet and our vast variety of resources we can find just about anything we would like. In health care accessibility can become an issue if information is accessed by an unauthorized individual which is a violation of HIPPA.When a breach becomes known you are essential by law to proclaim the correct officials and take the necessary steps to correct the problem. Efficiency has a lot to do w ith speed. You can send something as simple as an email or school text to get your message to the receiver. written communication means there is a hard copy of the granted information you can access. As for the news it can be accessed online or via the T. V. giving you more information. In health care we need to be able to keep up with the change and communication is vital.One simple mistake can make a world of difference especially in a hospital setting. You want to take the appropriate steps to improving and ways to alter or avoid having issues with ineffective communication. As you can see communication and management are vital in todays success. You want to communicate effectively and work on improving and getting rid of any ineffective communication issues you may have. Make sure you are using the appropriate management style for the given situations and communicate your message thoroughly to your receiver.ReferencesMcManus, K. (1998). A project management system for innovat ion. Journal for look and participation, 21(5), 60. Management Study Guide. Roles of Communication barriers in ineffective communication. Retrieved from www.managementstudyguide.com/role-of-communication-barriers-in-ineffective-communication.htm Nelson, L. (2012). Ehow Learning. How Technology ImpactCommunication in the WorkplaceCommunication and its many assets are very important. In order to be successful in anything we need to have effective communication. Although effective communication is very important in todays world we will have issues with ineffective communication, also known as barriers. To communicate you need to have a sender, receiver and a message. It is important to relay any message with accuracy, with errors we then begin to have barriers causing ineffective communication. Technology is another factor that can be helpful but needs to be used properly.In my organization we use autocratic, democratic, paternalistic and laissez-faire. We are all about rights as well as delegating things to the appropriate parties. In my opinion having a combination of all management styles is important and makes it easier when you need to adjust to the different situations. Every situation and work day (involving who you work with) can be different. You make need to be more of a laissez-faire or paternalistic manager when you work with someone who needs direction at work.In my work facility we share knowledge and anything we need, thoroughly through emails, verbally and our communication book which in our communication book you can find a lot of different information with dates, times, descriptions, etc. The more through we are the more likely we have communicated effectively even though the receiver or receivers may not be there. To communicate effectively there are five main techniques that can help you to improve. First off there is brainstorming when you brain storm you are just throwing ideas out there in order to get any ideas together.There are also wor kplace tours which can also be known as a form of training. By doing tours you can allow others to see how another spectrum does things and learn how to improve or find new ways of doing things. Stakeholder surveys and stakeholder meetings are ways of getting groups together to generate more ideas. Put simply there is the expression two heads is better than one. Lastly there is formal suggestion system which in turns means you are workings together to figure out what these ideas mean and if they will have any value to what you need currently.Even though we have effective communication you are still going to have ineffective communication. This can be a variety of things. The first one which can cause a vast variety of issues is our main demographics like age, cultural background, race, gender and language. There is also noise barriers which can cause you to miss-understand or interpret your sender (person giving message) wrong. You could also be ignoring parts of the message you wil l be receiving and only hearing the parts you would like to hear.Communication through technology has many of these same factors. Technology can be both effective and ineffective with all of its aspects. First we have speed which with online communication and cell phones you receive the date almost instantly. Accessibility in todays world with the internet and our vast variety of resources we can find just about anything we would like. In health care accessibility can become an issue if information is accessed by an unauthorized individual which is a violation of HIPPA.When a breach becomes known you are required by law to notify the correct officials and take the necessary steps to correct the problem. Efficiency has a lot to do with speed. You can send something as simple as an email or text to get your message to the receiver. Written communication means there is a hard copy of the given information you can access. As for the news it can be accessed online or via the T. V. giving you more information. In health care we need to be able to keep up with the change and communication is vital.One simple mistake can make a world of difference especially in a hospital setting. You want to take the appropriate steps to improving and ways to alter or avoid having issues with ineffective communication. As you can see communication and management are vital in todays success. You want to communicate effectively and work on improving and getting rid of any ineffective communication issues you may have. Make sure you are using the appropriate management style for the given situations and communicate your message thoroughly to your receiver.ReferencesMcManus, K. (1998). A project management system for innovation. Journal for Quality and participation, 21(5), 60. Management Study Guide. Roles of Communication barriers in ineffective communication. Retrieved from www.managementstudyguide.com/role-of-communication-barriers-in-ineffective-communication.htm Nelson, L. (2012). Ehow Learning. How Technology Impact

History of Film: Film Distribution

There were many changes in marting and distri just nowion of burgeon forths from remove of the silent period to the modern digital period. There was a studio apartment apartment remains that existed at the rarity of the silent period and collapsed in 1949 with a court ruling. During this same time a sales date of reference of trade existed. After the Second area War the sales time was replaced with a new flair of thinking and sales and marketing were non synonymous anymore.Marketing after universe of discourse War II meant conclusion out what consumers needs and wants were and providing them with products to satisfy those needs and wants. Globalization began to occur rapidly in the 90s and expansion in foreign market meant marketers had to concent dictate on this market more than they had in the past. The digital period also meant changes of first runs and arcsecond runs for frivol a modes. The studio system was a means of film line of business and distribution domi nant in Hollywood from the early 1920s through the early 1950s.The term studio system refers to the practice of great(p) motion picture studios (a) producing movies primarily on their own filmmaking lots with seminal personnel under often long-term contract and (b) pursuing vertical integration through self-will or effective control of distributors and movie fields, guaranteeing additional sales of films through manipulative obtaining techniques. A 1948 Supreme Court ruling against those distribution and exhibition practices hastened the end of the studio system.In 1954, the last of the operational tie in between a major takings studio and field of view chain was broken and the era of the studio system was offici e actuallyy dead. The period lasted from the introduction of sound to the court ruling and the beginning of the studio breakups active 1927 to 1954, when the studios no longer participated in the theatre business. During the Golden Age, eight companies comprised th e so-called major studios responsible for the studio system.Of these eight, five were fully integrated conglomerates, combining ownership of a takings studio, distribution division, and substantial theater chain, and contracting with performers and filmmaking personnel Fox (later 20th Century-Fox), Loews Incorporated (owner of Americas largest theater circuit and parent company to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), predominate Pictures, RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum), and Warner Bros. Two majors, Universal Pictures and Columbia Pictures were similarly organized, though they never owned more than small theater circuits.The eighth of the Golden Age majors, United Artists, owned a few theaters and had access to two production facilities owned by members of its controlling partnership group, but it functioned primarily as a backer-distributor, loaning property to independent producers and releasing their films. The ranking of the Big Five in terms of profitability (closely related to market share) was largely consistent during the Golden Age MGM was number one el up to now years running, 1931 to 41.With the exception of 1932 when all the companies but MGM lost money. One of the techniques used to support the studio system was block booking, a system of exchange multiple films to a theater as a unit. Such a unit, frequently 20 films, typically included no more than a few quality movies, the rest perceived as low-grade filler to bolster the studios finances. On May 4, 1948, in a federal antitrust become known as the Paramount case but brought against the entire Big Five, the U. S. Supreme Court specifically outlawed block booking.Holding that the conglomerates were indeed in violation of antitrust, the justices refrained from making a final decision as to how that fault should be remedied, but the case was sent back to the lower court from which it had come with oral communication that suggested divorcement the complete separation of exhibition interests from producer-distribu tor operations was the answer. The Big Five, though, seemed united in their determination to match on and drag out legal proceedings for years as they had already proven admirer at after all, the Paramount suit had originally been filed on July 20, 1938.The sales era is called the sales era because many companies main priority was to move their products out of the factory using a variety of shareing techniques. The sales era lasted from the early 20s to the end of the World War II. Compare this to the movie and both the sales era and studio system era align closing on a time period. During The sales era, companies felt that they could enhance their sales by using a variety of promotional techniques designed to inform potential customers about and/or persuade them to buy their products. This type of thinking was initiated by the frugal climate of the time.The selling concepts related markets that already existed, where globalization hadnt yet occurred and creating profit pools h adnt even been thought of yet. However October 29, 1929Black Tuesdaymarked the beginning of the Great Depression. This was the single most crushing financial day in the history of the New York Stock Exchange. Within the first few hours that the furrow market was open, prices fell so far as to wipe out all the gains that had been made in the previous year. Since the stock market was viewed as the chief indicator of the Ameri domiciliate economy, public confidence was shattered.Between October 29 and November 13 (when stock prices hit their lowest point), more than $30 billion disappeared from the American economy corresponding to the total amount the United States had spent on its involvement in World War I (Schultz, 1999). The amount of disposable and discretionary income that consumers had to spend on necessities and luxuries also decreased dramatically as the unemployment rate approached 25 percent. Companies found that they could no longer sell all the products that they produc ed, even though prices had been lowered via muckle production.Firms now had to locomote rid of their excess products in order to convert those products into cash. In order to get rid of products, many firms developed sales forces and relied on personal selling, advertising signs, and singing commercials on the radio to move the product. Theodore Levitt(1960), a prominent marketing scholar, has noted that these firms were not necessarily concerned with satisfying the customer, but rather with selling the product. This sales orientation dominated business practice through the 1930s until World War II, when most firms manufacturing facilities were adapted to making machinery and equipment for the war effort.Of course, the war dramatically changed the environment within which business was conducted. This also changed companies philosophies of doing business. The marketing concept era, a crucial change in precaution philosophy can be linked to the shift from a sellers market, where t here were more buyers for few well(p) and services, to a buyers market, where there were more goods and services than people were willing to buy them. When World War II stop, factories stopped manufacturing war supplies and started turning out consumer products again, an activity that had practically stopped during the war.The kinship marketing era follows the marketing concept era. Relationship marketing succeeds the marketing concept era in time most firms are still practicing the marketing concept use of marketing. The advent of a strong buyers market created the need for consumer orientation by businesses. Companies had to market good and services, not just produce them, but sell them to. This realization has been identified as the emergence of the marketing concept. Marketing would no longer be regarded as supplemental activity performed after completion of the production process. Instead, the marketer ould play a leading use of goods and services in product planning. Mark eting and selling would no longer be synonymous terms. Todays fully developed marketing concept is a companywide consumer with the objective of achieving long-run victor. All facets and all levels of management of the organization must contribute first to assessing and then to satisfying customer wants and needs. Even during tough economic times, when companies tend to emphasize cutting be and boosting receiptss, the marketing concept focuses on the objective of achieving long-run success instead of short term profits.The firms survival and growth are built into the marketing concept companywide consumer orientation should lead to greater long-run profits. departed With the winding, released December 15th 1939, was no uncertainness a cash cow. In the films 8th closing week it had already gain $5,567,000, where it began to see profit. By June 1st 1940 the film had already made its year and half goal of everyplace 20 one one million million million a very sizeable profit for the producers of the film. It did however require a large amount of investment from its producer David O. Selznick, of almost 4 million in production costs, and another million in marketing expenses.Adjusted for pompousness it would exhaust nearly been 50 million in production costs alone. David Selznick must have known his film was going to be a big hit. He give $50,000 for the rights to a New York Times bestselling book. If the film was going to do as well as the book he knew he was going to see a large profit from his cash cow. It wasnt green to have a worldwide release during the studio system era like it is today. Typically films would be released in their native country first and then a few months later it would be released in countries with speaking languages the same as the country of origin.In North America the first run of a film refers to the exhibition of theatres it would play in. A first run of a film would only play in the major cities in the downtown areas in the de luxe first run film theatre. These theatres would seat anyplace between 1500 to 5000 people in one room to one screen. This is of course before the days of digitisation where people can view the film on DVD, and before the days of multiplexes. First run films had a higher ticket premium than that of second run or subsequent runs of the film. Gone With the rear is verbalize to have charged $0. 5 for a matinee viewing of the film and up to $2. 20 at Manhattans Astor in its first run. Compare this to the $0. 23 average ticket price in that year, the price was very high. Gone With the Winds first run lasted two and half years and was seen by 203 million people. It played in 156 theatres in 150 cities house servantally. Gone With the Wind was eventually released around the world. Box king revenue for foreign release is much harder to calculate. Gone With the Wind made $30 million in domestic revenue and $19 million in foreign revenue in its first run.Adjusted for inflation that am ount would total about $755,821,500. 00 today. (Dollar Times) Most of Gone With the Winds came from domestic revenue, about 63. 3 percent. Enter 2009. Many things have changed. Firstly a new marketing era is now in place. The studio system has collapsed. Globalization is not a competitive advantage of the studio system period, it is a competitive necessity. Films that do not grapple in the global market do not compete at all. First runs last only weeks, months if the film is a really big hit.First runs are not only in the downtown theatres but also in the neighborhood theatres, and now in the muitlplex theatres. A second run in todays language is when the film hits the new release dent of the rental shop. In its third month personification is a big hit. At the time of this pen it is still playing in its first run. How does it compare to Gone With the Wind? Avatar is currently organism seen on 3,452 theatres in hundreds of countries. Estimated to cost $280 million to make Avatar is much more expensive to make, even for adjusting inflation that Gone With the Wind.Currently domestic box office revenue is $710,842,764, and its foreign box office revenue amounts to $1,839,000,000. This is prove of the globalization of the cinema industry. The majority of the box office revenue no longer comes from domestic revenue but rather from the foreign market. Avatar is not only seen on the traditional 2D screens that Gone With the Wind was but it also seen on 3D screens, and IMAX screens, allowing for price alterations between the different formats the film is viewed in. It will be interesting to see how Avatar does when it ends its first run and enters its second run.A film that has ended its first run and second run is much more accurate to compare with Gone With the Wind since the film would have been shown at neighborhood theatres two and half years after it was first released. big was released in 1997 and has ended both its first and second run. How did these two f ilms compare? Titanics production budget was $200 million compared to Gone With the Winds adjusted for inflation budget of 50 million. Total gross revenue for Titanic has reached $1,843,201,268, while Gone With the Wind has reached $400,176,459.Adjusted for inflation Titanic would have reached nearly 3 billion in total gross revenue at $2,996,049,690. If Gone With the Wind were adjusted for total gross revenue it would reach $3,099,918,548. Total gross revenue includes first run, second run, and all other revenue that comes from the film, including T. V rights, rentals, VHS and DVD sales. It can be concluded that the importance of globalization in the film industry is more important now than it was during the studio system period. The way in which films are exhibited today is very different than it was during the studio period.First run theatres do not exist in the same way they did during the studio system period. Second runs of films were in theatres and now they are a way in whic h the audience may view the film on their terms, following the marketing concept idea. Consumers use up the way in which they consume products. The industry adapts to this and finds new ways to market their ideas and invents new products for the consumer to consume.Works Cited Avatar Passes Titanics Overseas Record. The Hollywood Reporter, 24 Jan. 2010. Web. . Boone, Louis E. and David L. Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. Mason, Ohio Thomson South-Western, 2006. Print. Box Office, Associated Publications. What If the Government Wins Its Suit? Editorial. 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