Tetanus Toxin: Structure and Purification

Tetanus Toxin twist and PurificationTetanus is regarded amongst the most sober and fatal disease since ancient times 1. Tetanus is termed from a Greek word Tetanos which means- to contract *. The disease is generally initiated due to deep wounds, cuts, and during harmful situations like natural calamities, physical trauma, etc. a It was firstborn discovered by Hippoc set outs in early 19th century *. However it was etiologically described by Carle and Rattone who were first to stool tetanus in animals by injecting pus extracted from an give human with the same disease in 1884. During this same period Nicolaier withal produced tetanus in animals from soil attempts. Further research in 1889 by Kitasato revealed that animals were infected by this disease when they were injected with a particular existence discriminate from a human patient *. Nocard in 1897 revealed that this disease can be treated by the use of its antitoxin. Moreover in 1924 the significance of toxoid came into existence during World War I which was formulated by Descombey and this unresisting immunization against tetanus was majorly used during World War II *.Structure of tetanus toxinThe tetanus toxin is of 150kD comprising of three cut offs i.e. A,B and C having a molecular(a) burthen of 50kD each n. Fragments A and B were observed to be non-spastically toxic and besides to block the release of catecholamine. It to a fault inhibits the action of synaptic nerves and therefore exhibits an important federal agency in the toxicity of the toxin. On the other cave in dissolve C is regarded as the non-toxic subunit just now retaining the required antigenic properties of the toxin. This fragment is seen to bind with gangliosides, motor endplates and synaptic tissue layers. It also helps in imparting of the toxin from the periphery to the central nervous system o.Krieglestein et al. in 1990 stated that tetanus toxin is a 151-kD protein. The complete aminic acid sequence is known . The mature toxin is do of two peptide and contains 10 half-cystine residues. Treatment with 4-vinylpyridine in the presence of 6M guanidine converted sextet of them into s-pyridylethyl cysteine residues are determines by amino acid analysis. When alkylation was preceded by mercaptolysis, all 10 halfcystine residues were recovered in the s-pyridylethylated form. It was therefore concluded that the toxin contains six sulfhydryl groups and two disulfide amaze rMode of ActionRossetto et al. in 2001 reported that the neuroparalytic syndromes of tetanus is caused by neurolysins produced by bacteria of the genus clostridium of 150 kDa proteins consisting of three-do master(prenominal)s, endowed with different functions neuro proper(postnominal) binding, membrane translocation and specific proteolysis of three key components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus. After binding to the presynaptic membrane of motoneurons, tetanus neurotoxin ( camp down) is internalized and chargeed retroax onally to the spinal cord, where it blocks neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons. TeNT cleave specifically at single but different peptide bonds, VAMP/synaptobrevin, a membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles s.Ke jelly et al. in 2002 stated that the 50kD ligh filament subunit comprises of zinc metalloproteases which cleaves synatobrevin that is not involved in neuroexocytosis t.Foster in 2009 Stated that TeNT enters the body via wounds and initially binds and internalizes into the peripheral closings of motorneurons where it is transported by retrograde axonal transport to the motorneuron in the spinal cord. TeNT is transported to somatodendritic postsynaptic sites and is released into the synaptic cleft where it under(a)goes receptor intercede uptake into the presynaptic termini of the inhibitory interneurons, from where it translocates into the cytosol and inhibits neurotransmitter release. u.Starting material for purging of tetanus toxinRaynaud in 1951 developed a technique of victimisation non-autolyzed toxin direct from the organism i.e. Clostridium tetani i .This technique gave an advantage of obtaining a more concent come ind form of toxin as compared to that obtained from the filt scores ij. For this purpose the organism was generally cultured and subcultured victimization Tarozzi medium* and modified Tarozzi medium j Latham medium was also widely used for the same conclude j k. M. Matsuda et.al in 1989 also used modified Latham medium for culturing of Clostridium tetani o. ponderer and Miller in 1954 investigated that pancreatic digest of casein contained some inhibitory content which was solved by charcoal treatment y. Toxin was also extracted by treating the bacterial cells in hypertonic solution utilise 0.1M sodium citrate and 1M sodium chloride as stated by Bernard Bizzini et.al qConventional method to produce tetanus vaccineThe Harvard strain of Clostridium tetani is grown in a fermentor for about a week us e a semisynthetic medium. This leads the bacteria to lyze and release the toxin obtained in the supernatant. This method yielded about 60-80 Lf/ml. This yield is then filtered and detoxified development formaldehyde. This reacts with the toxin molecule mainly the amino groups of lysineresulting in imine formation, further reacts with the unstable groups of iminazole or phenol ring finally involves a cross-linking reaction surrounded by the both the amino groups. Formaldehyde also affects the 3-D structure, therefore do the toxic conformational epitopes y.Purification by HPLCKunihiro Ozutsumiet.al. in 1985 used extracts from the organism for purification of tetanus toxin use High performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) j. The toxin extracted from the previously described method was initially purified using ammonium ion sulfate ruin followed by ultracentrifugation in order to get rid of the unwanted particulate matter matter by filtering it through a 0.2 um membrane fi lter. The pure sample in the equilibrating modify at a pH of 7.5 proceeded through a final step of purification by running it on HPLC using a tugboat of a TSK G3000 SW of 0.75 x 60 dimensions. This editorial was equilibrated using 0.1M sodium-phosphate buffer at a pH of 6.8 and the flow rate was maintained at 0.6 ml/min. The reckons obtained were tested for its protein content at 280nm using a UV spectrophotometer j. Further the efficiency of HPLC was compared with another gel filtration method using Ultrogel column j o.Purification using Sephadex G-100For large scale outturn of tetanus toxoid, Alcohol precipitation was used for immunization purpose by Pillemer L. et.al b. However, Levine et.al in 1951 used to puke the tetanus toxoid by ammonium sulfate precipitation c. Later, further purification and characterization of the toxoid was achieved by filtering it through Sephadex gels using G-100 columns as stated by Williams C. et.al in 1965 d. This alter and low cost method y ielded four separable fractions of the toxoid where the first two fractions of 55-65% non dialyzable nitrogen possessed significant antigenic properties. The next fraction obtained was of smaller molecular weight and showed poor antigenecity when injected in animals however the fourth fraction obtained was not identified but was predicted to be metabolic by-products of the organism and had no significant role d. Before running on the column the protein concentration was find out using a UV spectrometer at 280nm. Chromatographic gel filtration was performed using a column of 1.2 x 0.062 m dimension. The column was packed and equilibrated with 0.1M phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.5, to boot 1% formaldehyde can be added to inhibit the bacterial growth. The null volume after equilibration was maintained at 800ml at the flow rate was fixed at 80ml/hr. The sample loading volume was around 50ml and was concentrated to about 100,000 Lf. The four fractions were collected and were furthe r seperated by recycling them on the same column d. This method gave an efficient insight on how to purify and separate different components of the toxoid.M Matsuda in 1989 carried out the interval of fragment A-B treated with urea by running it on a ccolumn packed with Sephadex G-25, equilibrated with 0.02M tris-HCL buffer containing trace amounts of dithiothreitol and urea o. Other gels such as Sepharose 4B and Sephadex G-200 was also used by researchers like Bernard Bizzini, Immunodiffusion test was also carried out using Ouchterlonys method o p q.Papain Digestion of Tetanus toxinFurther research by Helting and Zwister in 1974 made possible to obtain fragment C from Tetanus toxin which has significant antigenic properties but lack pathogenecity and thus occupies a major role in immunization e. Helting et.al stated that Tetanus toxin can be extravagant in a specific pattern. The mild papain digestion cleaves the F(ab) region. The papain enzyme breaks the 150kD toxin into two par ts, one comprising of the C-terminal of the operose scope i.e. of 47kD which corresponds to the Fragment C of the toxin whereas the other part of 95kD consists of N-terminal heavy chain subunit along with the sparklinger chain polypeptide forming the fragment B (refer to fingerbreadth 2). This Fragment B was observed to have a toxic gist on mice when injected with a sufficient dose and also has an adverse resolution on the nervous system, thus it was requirement to purify and obtain exactly Fragment C for immunization and to further study its immune solution f. The purified Fragment C was separated and obtained by chromatographic methods and by using anti-Fragment C IgG f.Ulrich Weller in 1989 performed papain digestion for 16 hours of overnight stirring of the toxin at 25C at a concentration of 40ug/ml. The toxin was suspended in 10mM sodium-phosphate buffer at pH of 6.5 with 1mM EDTA and NaN3 and 10mM cysteine. After the incubation period 0.5mM of Ll-chloro-3-tosylamido-7 -amino-2-heptanone was added as a stop solution in order to inactivate papain by further incubating it at room temperature for 30 min and was then cooled to 0C with saturated ammonium sulfate solution at pH 6.5 with further centrifugation. The precipitate was resuspended in the same buffer mentioned. This further proceeded for its separation and purification on Sephadex G-100 column and the fractions were collected at the flow rate of 15ml/hr b*.These fractions were further pooled and contrated using a Centiprep 10 concentrator and the buffer was changed to 0.5 M NaCl with 30mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.5. The fragments B and C showed up homogenously on SDS-PAGE. The fragment C was further dialyzed against 10mM sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5. The samples obtained were further checked for its protein content at 285nm and was determined by modified lowry method after trichloroacetic acid precipitation. They also ran an SDS-PAGE using rerducing and non-reducing gels and was stained by C oomassie blue-250 and the chains and fragments of the toxin were determined according to their known amino acid sequence b*Other methods developed to obtain fragment CFishman et al. (1992) Pointed out that the non-toxic binding fragment of tetanus toxin (fragment C) binds avidly to uneasy tissue and has a growing number of neurobiological uses. Its current proceeds is limited by both its high commercial cost and the tortuous purpose for its preparation requiring highly purified tetanus toxin. A short procedure was developed which prepares fragments of tetanus toxin from crude C. tetani extracts. The resultant proteins are atoxic with molecular sizes and immunological properties closely resembling fragment C. These proteins undergo retrograde axonal and apparent transneuronal transport in a fashion similar to fragment C v.Ledoux et al. in 1994 Indicated that tetanus toxin once internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis, form membrane channels in order to traverse the endosom al membrane and enter the cytoplasm of the nerve terminal forming an association between neurotoxin monomers which results in an oligomeric form of the neurotoxin necessary for assembly of a channel through the hydrophobic interior of the endosomal membrane, thereby allowing passage of the neurotoxin or its active fragment through the resulting focus w.Technique used to test the specificity of the heavy and light chain subunitsMatsuda and Yoneda in 1975 obscure the heavy and light chain subunits from a toxin reduced by treatment with dithiothreitol-ureag h. Kunihiro Ozutsumiet.al. in 1985 used the technique of electrophoresis using sodium-dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel i.e. SDS-PAGE as shown in Figure (3). and was further used to put up a western blot in order to check the specificity of the isolated subunits obtained l m j. SDS-PAGE allowed the toxin to stack at 49kD corresponding to the fragment C subunit and 85kD comprising of the 4heavy chain subunit jGoretzki and Haberma nn in 1985 characterized enzymatic fragments of tetanus toxin by immunoblotting using a set of previously characterized antibodies and a set of novel antibodies. The selected antibodies recognized the light chain, fragment C (1) and the complementary piece (2) of the heavy chain when blotted on nitrocellulose. All toxin preparations contained intrinsic esteroprotease activity which became manifest in the presence of urea. The main product of papain hydrolysis is fragment C, which appears as a double band under non reducing conditions but is homogeneous when reduced. Chymotryptic digestion hydrolyses the heavy chain well but leaves the light chain largely intact. Tetanus toxin is very resistant against trypsin as compared with other proteases, although this enzyme splits numerous different links x.